Comparison of the psyche of animals with the human allows us to highlight the following main differences between them.
1. An animal can act only within the framework of a situation that is perceived directly, and all acts carried out by it are limited by biological needs, that is, the motivation is always biological.
Animals do nothing that does not serve their biological needs. The concrete, practical thinking of animals makes them dependent on the immediate situation. Only in the process of orienting manipulation is the animal able to solve problematic tasks. A person, thanks to abstract, logical thinking, can foresee events, do according to cognitive necessity - consciously.
Thinking is closely related to broadcasting. Animals only give signals to their relatives about their own emotional states, while man, through language, informs others in time and space, passing on social experience. Thanks to language, each person uses the experience that humanity has developed over thousands of years and which it has never perceived directly.
2. Animals are able to use objects as tools, aie no animal can create tools. Animals do not live in a world of permanent things, do not perform collective actions. Even watching the actions of another animal, they will never help each other, act together.
Only a person creates a tool according to a well-thought-out plan, uses them for their intended purpose and saves them for the future. She lives in a world of permanent things, uses tools together with other people, takes over the experience of using tools and passes it on to others.
3. The difference between the psyche of animals and humans is in feelings. Animals are also capable of experiencing positive or negative emotions, but only a person can sympathize with another person in grief or joy, enjoy pictures of nature, and experience intellectual feelings.
4. Conditions for the development of the psyche of animals and humans is the fourth difference. The development of the psyche in the animal world is subject to biological laws, and the development of the human psyche is determined by socio-historical conditions.
Both man and animal are characterized by instinctive reactions to stimuli, the ability to gain experience in life situations. However, only a person is capable of appropriating social experience that develops the psyche.
39. Definition of Consciousness
Consciousness is the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, inherent in a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved. The function of consciousness consists in the formation of the goals of activity, in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the prediction of their results, which ensures a reasonable regulation of human behavior and activity. A certain attitude to the environment, to other people is included in human consciousness: “My attitude to my environment is my consciousness” (Marx). The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, cognition and experience. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a person's subjective attitude to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience. “Awareness of experience is always the establishment of its objective relation to the causes that cause it, to the objects to which it is directed, to the actions by which it can be realized” (S. L. Rubinshtein). Consciousness develops in a person only in social contacts. In phylogeny, human consciousness has developed, and becomes possible only under conditions of active influence on nature, in conditions of labor activity. Consciousness is possible only under the conditions of the existence of language, speech, which arises simultaneously with consciousness in the process of labor.
Greek psychikos - mental] - the inner world of the animal, covering the whole complex of supposed subjectively experienced processes and states: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of mental experience as sensations, images, ideas and emotions. About P. Zh., in contrast to the human psyche, it is impossible to obtain information based on introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with the command and physiological processes are built by analogy with our ideas about the human mental world. P. g. since antiquity aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful study began with late XIX V. with the advent of zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying animal life, which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, have divided zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Supporters of scientific study of the Item. stated that it is quite possible to draw conclusions about it on the basis of observations of the behavior of animals and data on their physiology. Their opponents - adherents of the objectivist approach - rejected any variants of anthropomorphism, considering P. g. inaccessible to genuine scientific research. They called for limiting the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. 20th century the objectivist direction became dominant, P.'s research. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. Now studying of the Item. has turned into a new actively developing scientific direction, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less often psychoethology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. considered simultaneously in natural science, psychological and philosophical terms. E.A. Gorokhovskaya
- the inner subjective world of an animal, covering the whole complex of subjectively experienced processes and states: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of mental experience as sensations, images, ideas and emotions. About P., in contrast to the human psyche, it is impossible to obtain information based on reports of introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with behavior and physiological processes are built by analogy with our ideas about the human mental world. P. g. since antiquity aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful study began at the end of the 19th century. with the advent of zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying animal life, which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, have divided zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Supporters of such studying declared that about the Item. it is quite possible to draw scientific conclusions from observations of the behavior of animals and data on their physiology. Rejecting any variants of anthropomorphism, adherents of the objectivist approach considered P. zh. inaccessible to truly scientific research and urged to confine ourselves to the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. the objectivist direction became dominant, P.'s research. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. our century. Now studying of the Item. has turned into a new actively developing scientific direction, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less often psychoethology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. considered simultaneously in natural science, psychological and philosophical terms.
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Sabaktyn zhospary
The plan of the lesson
Күні/ Date/ Date:
Top/ Group/ Group:B - 12
Pan / Subject / Subject: Psychology
Sabaқtyn takyryby / Theme of the lesson / Theme: Animal psyche
Sabaқtyn үlgisi / Type classes/ Type of lesson : Lecture
Sabaқtyn turі/Type of lesson/ Kind of the lesson : Lecture conversation
Maқsaty / Objectives of the lesson / Objectives:
bilimdik / educational / educational: to form students' knowledge about the development and functioning of the psyche of animals
damytushylyk / developing / developing : to develop the desire of students to acquire new knowledge
tarbielik/ educational/ bringing-up: to cultivate a desire for self-development while acquiring new knowledge
Kornekі құraldar/ Equipment/ Resources: lecture, presentation
Sabaktyn barysy / Lesson plan / Plan
Organizing time
Control of the initial level of knowledge
Presentation of new material
Anchoring
Homework explanation
Lesson progress
Greeting in three languages: Hello Salematsiz be, Good morning.
Organizing time.Who is on duty? Name those who are absent. What is today's date?Bugin is not shesi? What date is it today? Who is absent today? Bugin kim zhok?
Control of knowledge in the form of testing.
Goal setting: video clip "Spider".
While watching this video, you have highlighted how to hunt using various devices that the spider feeds on. Do you think the spider's behavior is instinctive or conscious? (student opinion)
We will find the answer to this question and others during the lecture.
Reporting the topic of the goal and lesson plan. Lecture.
Zhana sabaqty tusindiru
Plan:
Sensitivity. Instinctive behavior of animals.
Skills. Intellectual behavior of animals.
Bekitu
1. What is instinctive behavior?
2. Name the main stages in the development of the psyche and behavior of animals.
3. Name the distinctive characteristics of the intellectual behavior of animals.
Reflection « EVALUATE YOUR ANSWERS»
«+»
« - «
"P"
"N"
"ABOUT"
"+" - answered on his own initiative, the answer is correct;
"-" - answered on his own initiative, but the answer is wrong;
"P" - answered at the request of the teacher, the answer is correct;
"N" - answered at the request of the teacher, but the answer is wrong;
"0" - did not answer
Yth tapsyrmasy
1.Know the content of the lecture
Adebiet/ Literature/ Literature :
1. Maklakova A.G. "General psychology"
2.Internet resources
Lecture.
Plan:
1.Sensitivity. Instinctive behavior of animals.
3. Skills. Intellectual behavior of animals.
In domestic psychology, the opinion has long been established that the behavior of animals is inherently instinctive behavior. Instincts are also associated with those forms of behavior that are acquired by a particular animal in the course of its life.
Instinctive behavior is a species behavior that is equally directed in all representatives of the same animal species. As a rule, instinctive behavior is determined by biological expediency and consists in ensuring the possibility of the existence (survival) of a particular representative or species as a whole. But it would not be entirely true to say that the behavior of an animal is only genetically determined and does not change during its life.
1.Sensitivity
characteristic feature mental reaction is the sensitivity of the organism to indifferent stimuli, which, under certain conditions (their coincidence with biologically important stimuli), signal the possibility or necessity of satisfying the biological needs of the organism.
Sensitivity arises from irritability. Sensitivity, according to A. Leontiev, genetically is nothing more than irritability to influences that orient the organism in the environment, performing a signal function.
Irritability inherent in organic nature in general. Thanks to her in flora innate reactions occur, which are called tropisms.
tropism- these are automatic movements in a certain direction of plants and simple organisms, which are predetermined by the unequal physico-chemical processes in symmetrical parts of the body, which are caused by unilateral influences of stimuli on the body.
The theory of tropisms about animals was developed by J. Loeb. However, these reactions of animals are not mechanical, as J. Loeb believed - under the influence of experience they gain plasticity and variability.
According to the types of energy that act on organisms under the conditions of their existence, phototropisms, chemotropisms, heliotropisms, galvanotropisms, etc. are distinguished. For example, a sunflower moves under the influence of photo and thermotropisms; in the direction of germination of roots and stems, in the behavior of worms and some insects that burrow into the ground or crawl to the tops of plants, geo-, photo- or thermo-tropisms act.
There are the following main stages in the development of the psyche of animals:
Elementary sensory psyche;
Perceptual psyche;
Intelligence.
Stage of elementary sensory psyche
A characteristic feature of this stage in the development of the psyche is that the behavior of animals is determined by the action on the body of individual properties of objects in the environment of which animals live - chemical, light, temperature, etc.
This stage is characteristic mainly of invertebrates and those vertebrates that live in water, amphibians and reptiles that do not have objective perception. At this stage, there is a differentiation of sensitivity to light, touch, smells, motor sensitivity, as a result of which analyzers arise and develop - tangent, visual, smell and auditory.
The level of development of the analyzers and their receptor part depends on the characteristics of the living conditions of living beings. Yes, spiders and insects have well-developed tangential sensitivity (on tentacles, wings). Chemical sensitivity is developed in spiders and other invertebrates. It is differentiated in them into olfactory and gustatory sensitivity.
The beetle has 50,000 olfactory organs, while the drone has over 30,000. Insects are sensitive to very slight odors. The bee distinguishes the smell of orange peel from 43 ethereal odors. Bees react to the smell, do not accept other people's bees.
Insects are topochemical creatures, that is, those that have zones in the body that are sensitive to chemical irritations.
The sensitivity of insects to temperature changes, visual sensitivity is well known. Bees distinguish colors and shapes of flowers, but not geometric shapes. Most insects are deaf. Only those of them have hearing, which by their own movements (wings) cause sufficiently intense vibrations of sound waves.
For example: as soon as the insect gets into the web, the spider runs to it and entangles it with its thread. What causes this spider behavior? In special experiments, it was found that such behavior of the spider is due to the vibration of the web, which transmits the vibration of the insect's wings. As soon as the vibration stops, the spider stops moving towards its prey, but as soon as the vibration is resumed, the spider starts moving again. The fact that it is the vibration of the web that determines the behavior of the spider is proved by the following experiment: a vibrating tuning fork, brought to the web, causes the movement of the spider, while at the same time the vibration of the wings of a fly, grabbed by tweezers and brought directly to the spider, causes the spider to take flight. So, indeed, the movement of the spider to the victim is due to the vibration of the web.
Unwittingly, several questions arise. Firstly, what explains the motivating effect of certain properties of objects and, secondly, why is any behavior of animals possible at all? The answer to the first question is simple: the vibration of the web is steadily associated with the absorption and assimilation of food by the spider - an insect that has fallen into the web. Therefore, such behavior of animals has a biological meaning, since it is associated with the satisfaction of biological needs, in this case with the absorption of food.
It should be noted that the biological meaning of the impact of objects that excite and direct the behavior of an animal is not constant, but changes and develops depending on the specific living conditions of the animal and the characteristics of the environment. If, for example, a hungry toad is fed with worms, and then a match and a ball of moss are placed in front of it, then it will grab the match, which, like worms, has an elongated shape. But if you pre-feed the toad with spiders, then it will not pay attention to the match and grab the moss. Rounded shapes now took on the meaning of food for her.
Stage of perceptual psyche
On its basis, the perceptual stage of animal activity develops.
This stage is characterized by the display of objects as a whole, and not their individual properties, as is observed at the sensory stage of the development of the psyche.
For example, if the male is protected from food, then he will react not only to the object where his activity is directed (to food), but also to the conditions under which this activity occurs, that is, he will try to overcome the obstacle. At the sensory stage, there is no such reaction to the conditions under which the vital activity of animals occurs.
The stage of the perceptual psyche is peculiar to mammals. It is predetermined by significant anatomical and physiological changes in the body: the development of the cerebral hemispheres, and especially their cortex and distant analyzers (visual, auditory), increased integration activity of the cortex.
Conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex at the level of perceptual mental activity is the basis for the formation of the imagination. The duration of storage of memory images increases with the evolution of vertebrates. So, with a single excitation, figurative memory operates: in a rat - for 10-20 seconds, in a dog - up to 10 minutes, in a monkey - up to 16-48 hours.
The duration of storage of memory images is a valuable feature of the perceptual level of development of the psyche. This feature is an important prerequisite for the emergence of intelligent animal behavior.
At the stage of the perceptual psyche, complex changes take place in the processes of distinguishing and generalizing representations. Differentiation and generalization of images of objects arise. These generalizations are not the sum of individual sensations caused by the simultaneous action of influences, properties of various objects, but their unity, a kind of integration, which is the basis for transferring the operation from one specific situation to another, objectively similar to it, which significantly complicates the behavior of animals at this stage. mental development.
The success of differentiation and generalization depends not so much on the degree of similarity as on the biological role of what affects the animal. The development of generalization at the stage of the perceptual psyche is associated with the development of the integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, which combine movements into a holistic operation (motor fields), sensations into a holistic image (sensory fields).
3. Stage of intelligence
The psyche of most mammals remains at the perceptual stage. But anthropoids - anthropoid apes - reflective activity rises to another stage of its development. This highest stage is called the stage of intellect, or "manual thinking" (A. Leontiev).
Studies have shown that monkeys, especially chimpanzees, are characterized by elementary mental activity, the beginnings of visual-acting thinking. Monkeys learn and relearn faster than other animals, show greater mobility in the processes of excitation and inhibition.
I. Pavlov noted that the analytical and synthetic activity of the dog's cerebral cortex is concrete, elementary thinking. However, mental activity, the intellect of animals, is not at all the same as the human mind. There are very big differences between them.
The intelligence stage is characterized by problem solving. A monkey (chimpanzee) under experimental conditions could not directly get food (banana, orange, etc.). In the cage where she was, there was a stick with which you could get food.
The task was to "guess" whether the monkey would use the stick to get hold of the food. At first, the chimpanzee tries to get food with his hand, but fails. Failure for a while distracts the monkey from food. She, seeing the stick, manipulates it. If the stick and food are in the same field of vision, the monkey directs the staff at the food and takes possession of it, slipping it towards him.
Such studies were carried out in different variations. The monkeys successfully solved the tasks assigned to them in the experiment. The most difficult of these were the two-phase tasks, which consisted in the fact that food could be reached with a long stick, but first this long stick had to be reached with a short one, which was within immediate reach. The monkeys solved this task in the same way. Monkeys are able to combine two actions of a sequential operation into one act, of which the first is preparatory for the implementation of the second, decisive operation (two-phase tasks).
In the life of animals it is easy to notice their mutual relations. These relationships are manifested in peculiar movements, postures, and acoustic signals. At different stages of the development of living beings, these ways of relationships and mutual influence are gaining momentum. of varying complexity. With their help, animals signal danger, food, anger, fear, transmit this or that information. But these types of relationships, this "language" of animals is instinctive, is a manifestation of emotional states. Unlike human language, the "language" of animals is not a means of translating individual experience to other animals.
The intellectual behavior of anthropoids is associated with the development of the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes and their frontal zones. If some of these zones are destroyed in a monkey, then it becomes impossible for them to solve two-phase problems.
The stage of intellect, which is characteristic of higher mammals and has reached the highest level of development in anthropoid apes, is the prehistory of the emergence and development human consciousness.
All stages of the mental development of animals are characterized by fixedness and individual variability of behavior. Fixed forms of behavior that are inherited are instinctive forms of behavior.
instincts
- these are acts of interaction of the organism with the environment, the mechanism of which is a system of unconditioned reflexes.
Instinctively, activity often includes the mechanisms of tropisms. A scientific explanation of the origin of instincts was given by Charles Darwin (1809 -1882), proving that the structure of animal behavior is an organic unity and is the result of natural selection, those changes in physical organization and behavior that were caused by external conditions and fixed in the body as a result of expediency them for the life of organisms. Distinguish between the instincts of nutrition, reproduction, self-preservation and other forms of generic or species adaptation to the environment.
Instinctive forms of behavior
- it is a great force motive for the body. Depending on the conditions of life and the state of the organism, one or another act of behavior, reproduction, protection, acts related to nutrition, etc. arise, alternating.
In the individual adaptation of animals to the conditions of life, instincts seem to be meaningful actions, but if such a chain of instinctive actions is broken, animals still continue to carry out the following acts, acting instinctively in the chain, although this action does not ensure success.
So, the chicken continues to sit on the fallows, even if the eggs are removed from under it, and the bee, having begun to pollinate the combs filled with honey, will continue to do so even if the honey is released from the combs. So, instinctive actions are unconscious, mechanical actions.
Instinctive actions in the individual life of animals may vary. For example, it is possible to achieve a "peaceful" coexistence of a fox and a chicken, a cat and a mouse. However, such an individual change in instinct is not hereditarily transmitted.
Variability in fixed forms of behavior is manifested in the acquisition of new skills and methods of action that arise as a result of repeated natural expedient performance of movements and actions or in the process of training.
Animal psyche- the ability of the brain to perceive the surrounding reality and reflect it in the form of regulated functions nervous system, the inner subjective world of an animal, covering the whole complex of subjectively experienced processes and states: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of mental experience as sensations, images, ideas and emotions.
About the psyche of animals, unlike the psyche of man, one cannot obtain information based on reports of introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with behavior and physiological processes are built by analogy with our ideas about the human mental world. P. g. since antiquity aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful study began at the end of the 19th century. with the advent zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying animal life, which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, have divided zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Supporters of such studying declared that about the Item. it is quite possible to draw scientific conclusions from observations of the behavior of animals and data on their physiology. Rejecting any kind of anthropomorphism, adherents of the objectivist approach considered P. zh. inaccessible to truly scientific research and called for limiting the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. the objectivist direction became dominant, P.'s research. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. our century. Now studying of the Item. has become a new actively developing scientific direction, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less often psychoethology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. considered simultaneously in the natural sciences, psychological and philosophical plan.
Animal behavior- a reflection of the surrounding reality regulated by the psyche, the interaction inherent in living beings with environment mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity. The term "behavior" is applicable both to individuals, individuals, and to their aggregates (behavior of a biological species, social group). The first attempts to scientifically understand P. arose on the basis of mechanistic determinism, in terms of which P. was interpreted according to the type of interaction of physical bodies. The evolutionary theory in biology (Ch. Darwin) made it possible to explain the expediency of the P. of living beings, stimulating the development of objective methods for studying behavior in the unity of its external and internal manifestations. On the basis of biological determinism, the doctrine of the higher nervous activity of animals was formed, the synonym of which I. P. Pavlov considered behavior. Behaviorism opposed P. to consciousness, believing that the subject of psychology is only behavior, which was reduced to a set of motor reactions to external stimuli. In the future, supporters of behaviorism made adjustments to this scheme (Neobehaviorism). The peculiarity of an individual's P. depends on the nature of his relationship with the groups of which he is a member, on group norms, value orientations, and role prescriptions.
A holistic complex of all manifestations of the behavior and psyche of animals aimed at establishing the vital connections of the organism with the environment is mental activity of animals- the process of mental reflection of reality as a product and manifestation of the animal's activity in the surrounding world. Increasing activity, initiative, lability, variability, sovereignty (in relation to environmental conditions) are of decisive importance. motor activity and the corresponding morphological and functional transformations in the course of phylogenesis, especially in the effector-sensory sphere (the primacy of behavior in mental reflection). The resulting aromorphic or idioadaptive changes in the structure and function of organisms cause evolutionary transformations in the mental activity of animals, which, in turn, provides the possibility of further evolution. In higher animals (at the level of the perceptual psyche), the orientation component of mental activity is carried out on the basis of the formation of generalized mental images, and at higher phylogenetic levels - on the basis of integral images of the entire habitat. This ensures the most adequate, complete and biologically maximally adaptive control, adjustment and improvement of the external activity of the animal, as a result of which it becomes possible to establish relations optimal for the organism with a biologically significant component of the environment. In the process of evolution (already at the lower stages of phylogenesis), two directions of the mental activity of animals stood out and developed - locomotional and manipulative (according to K. E. Fabry).
So, it becomes clear that the psyche and behavior of animals are inseparable from each other. Consequently, the psyche, together with all the modes and attributes of behavior, can be considered as two sides of the adaptation process.
From the general biological and neurobiological points of view, all representatives of the animal world can be arranged in a row (series), where the order will be dictated by the increasing complexity and diversity of their external activity. The most well-known behavior classification scheme distinguishes five types of adaptive reactions: taxis, reflexes, instincts, rational activity (sometimes this includes insight (intuition)), different forms learning. This list is five ways to solve life support problems in animals. Each of listed ways active response is clearly defined by the principle of organization of systems that govern behavior. That is, behind each of these types of behavior is a certain type of structure of the nervous system. Such a series is consistent with the evolutionary theory of progress.
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