ESSENCE OF THE GAME. SUMMARY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
At the turn of the 20th century, various games with running and throwing the ball began to be cultivated in a number of countries. One of these games - "hand-boold" - appeared in Denmark. Its rules were compiled by X. Nielsen.
The first official competitions were held in 1898. This year is considered the birth year of handball.
The new game began to spread rapidly. Soon she had "relatives" - the Czech "gazena" and the German "handball". In 1926, the International Amateur Sports Federation was forced to organize a special commission, which became in charge of the development of handball. This commission was transformed into the International Federation.
In 1936, handball was included in the program of the Olympic Games, and two years later the first world championship was organized, which marked the beginning of the regular holding of these competitions for men's and women's teams.
Initially, the game developed in two versions: handball 11X11 and 7x7. In the summer, football fields hosted "big" handball competitions, and in the winter, indoors - "small" ones. But gradually 7X7 handball, as more versatile and spectacular, supplanted its older brother and practically became the only kind of this game. In 1946, eight countries decided to create a separate 7x7 handball federation. Now about 60 countries are part of the International Handball Federation (IHF).
In our country, the first handball competitions were organized in 1913. However, the game began to develop only during the years of Soviet power. In 1928, handball was included in the program of the 1st All-Russian Spartakiad. Especially rapidly handball began to develop in the 50s. In 1955, the All-Union Handball Section was created, later transformed into a federation, which in 1958 became part of the IHF.
Since 1962, championships of the USSR have been regularly held, championships among school, student, and army teams have been organized. Our strongest teams enter the international arena and become winners of major competitions. They repeatedly win the European Champions Cup, win various international tournaments. The men's national team in 1972, participating in the Olympic Games for the first time, entered the top five strongest in the world. In 1975, the USSR women's team became the silver medalist of the world championship. In 1976, Soviet handball players won the title of Olympic champions.
Handball rules provide for the possibility of holding competitions in halls and outdoor areas. Field dimensions - 20x40. The game is played by two teams consisting of six field players and a goalkeeper. The game is played with a small ball, the weight and circumference of which are different for men's and women's teams. Ball for men's game
teams and junior teams must have a circumference of 58-60 cm and a weight of 425-475 g before the start of the game, for the game of women's teams - a circumference of 54-56 cm and a weight of 325-400 g. The players try to throw the ball into the goal (2x3). The game of men's teams lasts 60 minutes, women's - 50 minutes.
All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands. In the fight for the ball, the use of brute force in relation to the opponent is not allowed.
Nowadays, handball has taken one of the main places among the sports games included in the physical education program at school. From 4th to 10th grade, students can practice handball directly in the classroom physical education. A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - is available to children 9-10 years old.
GAME TECHNIQUE
The technique of playing handball is usually divided into the technique of playing in attack and in the technique of playing in defense. The classification of game techniques is given in fig. 113.
All team players participate in attack and defense, so each of them needs to master the entire arsenal of game techniques to perfection.
Attack technique
In attack, the handball player operates with the ball and without the ball. Actions without the ball include movement on the court, jumping, turning, feints, screens. Ball handling consists of catching, passing, dribbling, shooting, feints and screening.
Techniques for playing without the ball
A high level of possession of the techniques of playing without the ball significantly increases the effectiveness of handball players in attack.
The first requirement for the player is the speed and surprise of actions. But it is possible to act in this way only if it is constantly in its original position, called the main stance. To create the best conditions for a quick start and possession of the ball, the player bends his legs and transfers his body weight to the front of the foot; head raised, arms half-bent and ready to catch the ball.
Movement around the court is the main technique of the game. Running should be fast and at the same time economical. It should be borne in mind that during the game a handball player runs more than 4-5 km, and very often he makes jerks. All accelerations are performed with short, sharp steps and are accompanied by a tilt of the body and active movements of the arms. Stops while running are performed with jumps or double steps. At the same time, the legs are strongly bent, and the upper body is tilted back.
Turns are a special technique that helps a handball player to successfully operate on the court both with and without the ball. Perform it on one or both legs. Most often, the game uses a rotation of 180 degrees, but there are also rotations of 360 degrees or more.
Jumping is an integral part of most attackers' actions. A handball player needs to be fluent in all types of jumps (long, high, forward, sideways, backwards), performed from a place, with a run, with a push with one or two legs. Each jump consists of a run-up, flight and landing. For a handball player, the flight is of the utmost importance, at the moment of which he performs all sorts of technical tricks. Mastering the technique of landing when throwing a jump with a fall reduces the risk of injury.
Feints (false movements) performed without the ball help the player get away from the defender. Slopes, lunges, turns, changes in speed and direction of movement, etc. are used as false movements.
Barriers are an important attack technique. This is a special type of movement aimed at freeing the attackers from the guardianship of the defenders. Barriers are performed without the ball and with the ball. Therefore, their technique is described in the next section of the chapter.
Ball game tricks
With their help, they carry out attacks on the opponent's goal and provide interaction between the players.
Catching the ball is the main method of possession of the ball. Methods of catching are distinguished depending on the height of the ball and the position of the attacker. Catch the ball with one hand or two.
Catching the ball with two hands is the most reliable way. You can catch the ball while standing still, on the run, in a jump. Ball flying on the chest
caught in the following way. Watching the ball, the player brings forward both hands. In this case, the palms are open to the ball, the fingers are freely spaced and not tense, the thumbs are facing each other and almost touching (together with index fingers they form a triangle.) As soon as the ball touches the fingers, bend the arms and pull it to the chest (Fig. 114).
A high-flying ball is often caught in a jump. Hands are brought forward and up so as to meet him as soon as possible. At the moment of contact
novations with fingers, the speed of the ball is extinguished by bending the arms, after which it is lowered down.
When catching low-flying balls, the hands are lowered down, the palms are brought together, the fingers are wide apart and pointing down. Sometimes they take a step forward or to the side at the same time. As soon as the ball touches the palms, it is wrapped around with fingers. Hands are first taken back, then bent and pulled the ball to the chest.
To catch a rolling ball, they make a wide lunge forward, bend over and pick it up from below with one hand. Almost simultaneously, you need to cover the ball from above and with the other hand.
Catching the ball with one hand is much less common when it cannot be caught with both hands. To do this, the nearest hand is brought forward - the palm is facing the ball, the fingers are spaced and not tense. The speed of its flight is extinguished by a yielding movement of the hand and bending of the arm at the elbow joint. Then the ball is pressed against the forearm or picked up with the other hand.
Hold the ball after catching with two or one hand. But more often it is held with one hand, as this allows the handball player to perform all subsequent actions faster and more varied. It is especially important to be able to hold the ball by laying the brush on top.
Ball passes. The ability to timely, quickly and accurately pass the ball to a partner in a more advantageous position is the main condition for the success of collective actions in the attack. You can pass the ball with both hands and one. Passing with one hand is much more common: in this way, you can quickly and accurately pass the ball to any distance and in any direction. Passing with two hands is used in difficult combat conditions when there is not enough time or space to pass the ball with one hand.
An overhand bent hand pass is the most common way of passing. In this way, you can pass the ball to different distances and from a variety of starting positions.
When transferring from a place with one hand, the opposite leg is put forward. The ball, held over the shoulder in an open palm with relaxed fingers, is brought back. At the same time, the arm is bent, the elbow is in front of the ball; the shoulders turn in the direction of the swing, the bent free arm is brought forward. From this position, the body weight is transferred with a push to the leg in front, the chest begins to turn in the direction of transmission. The bent arm with the ball is sent forward with an accelerating movement. Having passed the vertical, the forearm overtakes the elbow, and with a sweeping movement of the brush the ball is directed to the target (Fig. 115).
The same transmission can be performed on the move. Then the swing is carried out for one or two steps, and the throw is carried out along with the last step.
It is possible to pass the ball with a bent arm from above and slightly lower, to the side of the body. In this case, the swing is performed as usual, and the throw is in the horizontal plane (Fig. 116).
Sometimes this transmission is combined with a tilt towards the passing hand.
The pass with a straight hand from below is used in cases where it is necessary to send the ball to a close distance with active opposition from the opponent.
In preparation for the pass, the player takes a lower stance and securely covers the ball with his exposed foot. When swinging, the hand with the ball at the hip is pulled back. The throw begins with the transfer of body weight forward; the torso is turned, the hand with the ball is sent forward with a sharp movement. The ball is directed with a brush to a partner.
This transfer can also be performed with a swing in the opposite direction, that is, forward: the hand with the ball pressed to the forearm is brought forward, and then sharply sent back.
Transfer behind the back. It is performed after a swing to pass with a bent arm from above or from the side. The movement begins after the hand with the ball is in the final position of the swing. With a turn of the hand and a sharp movement of the forearm, the ball is sent behind the back to the partner (Fig. 117).
Very similar to this technique is the transfer over the shoulder behind the head. It starts with the usual swing to pass with a bent arm from above, but then the player quickly bends his arm at the elbow and, with a brush behind his head, directs the ball to the attacker located on the side (Fig. 118).
Brush transfer in Lately received wide distribution. Like the previous two, it belongs to the section of hidden transmissions. In preparation for the pass, the player holds the ball in front of him with one hand from above. Then, with a sharp movement of the forearm and especially the hand, he sends the ball to his partner (Fig. 119).
With two hands, the ball is passed from the chest from above and below. The technique for performing these passes is no different from that used in basketball.
Dribbling. With the ball in hand, the attacker can take no more than three steps. Moving a greater distance is carried out with the help of dribbling, the so-called method of movement in which the attacker, having released the ball from his hands, again touches it with one hand
" 195
This method of movement allows you to maneuver with the ball on the court. Even after a one-hit dribble, an attacker can maintain control of the ball for four to seven steps (three steps before the hit, one at the moment of the hit, and again three after the ball is caught).
Before dribbling, the ball, held with one or two hands, is carried to the side-forward. Starting the movement, the player directs the ball down with a brush. The point of impact of the ball is chosen to the side of the attacker's direction of movement. Having released the ball, the player continues to move and meets the rebounding ball with widely spaced fingers.
tsami. With a light push, he is sent down again. Then the whole movement is repeated. During the dribble, it is important to observe the changing situation on the site.
If the dribbling is used to dribble the opponent, then the ball is transferred to the far hand and must be protected with the body and legs. Reducing the height of the ball bounce makes it easier to control it.
Throws at the gate. They are carried out in basically the same ways as passing the ball. However, this technique has its own differences, determined by the need to throw the ball with maximum strength and accuracy.
Throws into the goal are almost always performed with one hand. They are carried out from various starting positions: standing facing and back to the gate, from a place, on the run, in a jump and in a fall.
The accuracy of the throw is determined by the moment the ball is released and the direction of the force applied to it. The throw is stronger, the greater the force and the longer the path on which it acts on the ball. However, the effectiveness of the throw does not always depend on its strength. Often the speed of execution is decisive. Therefore, fast throws with a small amplitude (wrist) are no less important.
An overhead bent arm throw is the main way to throw the ball into the goal. Most often used while on the move.
or jump. The throw from the spot is performed less often, and it does not differ much from the known method of passing the ball.
A throw in motion is carried out after a jump, two or three steps, during which a swing is made. The take-off steps are performed differently, depending on which leg will be the supporting one at the time of the throw. The supporting leg, as a rule, is the opposite leg of the throwing arm. By putting it forward, the player thereby facilitates the possibility of applying maximum force. A throw based on the leg of the same name is more difficult in coordination and weaker in strength, but faster in execution.
The throw after the jump is the fastest of all throws from the pivot position. Preparing to receive the ball, the player makes a small jump forward and catches the ball in flight. He lands first on the right, and then on the left foot, placing it for greater emphasis from the heel (Fig. 120). At the same time, he makes a swing, and then, turning his chest to the gate and transferring his body weight to the leg in front, performs a throw. The arm with the ball bent is carried over the shoulder, and then unbent and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand, direct the ball into the goal. The throw ends with an energetic tilt of the torso and a step forward with the right foot.
The variability of the roll results in greater variability in this roll. The most effective shot is jumping into the area above the goalkeeper's area. The ability to maintain takeoff speed and execute a long jump is crucial.
When throwing from extreme positions, the player takes a two-three step run parallel to the goal line or to the seven-meter mark. In order not to step on the line, the leg is placed parallel to it; push off with a different foot and, as it were, under themselves. During the run-up, the ball is held with both hands and carried under the arms or away from the defenders. After the push, the throwing hand is carried up behind the head. At the same time, the player leans to the side (depending on the position in relation to the goal). This allows you to increase the angle of the ball into the goal and deprives the opponent of the opportunity to interfere with the throw. Landing is made on the push leg (Fig. 124).
The most effective are jump shots with a fall in the goalkeeper's area. This allows not only to significantly reduce the distance to the goal, but also to get rid of the opposition of the opponent.
Jumping in is usually preceded by a beat on the defender and a run-up, thanks to which the player goes to the six-meter line. Vigorously pushing off, the attacker makes a swing in flight: he brings the ball over his head and turns his upper body and shoulders in the same direction. After the throw, he lands first on a free
The throw is made along with the next step with the left foot. The player abruptly turns his chest to the goal; bending the arm with the ball at the elbow, they begin an accelerating forward movement. The ball is released at the moment immediately preceding the placing of the left foot on the ground.An overhead bent arm throw in motion after cross steps takes more time, so it is used less frequently. The swing is performed in three steps. Moreover, the second and third steps are made cross (foot
turn at an angle to the runway line). Together with the last step, the player is sideways to the gate. The bent arm with the ball is retracted to the final position of the swing.
The throw begins by turning the torso with the chest towards the goal and transferring the body weight forward. The hand with the ball is sent forward; as soon as it passes the vertical, it is unbent with a whipping movement of the forearm and hand, directing the ball into the goal. Further progress of the player is delayed by the step of the right foot (Fig. 122).
A jumping bent arm overhead throw is often used when attacking in difficult martial arts conditions. Tall players use it especially successfully, which the jump allows you to send the ball into the goal, bypassing the block of defenders. When completing an attack from the area adjacent to the goalkeeper's area, the player may resort to a long jump. This will allow him to get away from the defenders and get closer to the goal.
A jump shot consists of a run, a push, a flight and a landing; repulsion is most often performed with a different leg. Swing and throw are made in an unsupported position. Landing usually occurs on the jogging leg, and, if necessary, on the arm.
An upward jump throw is performed after a run in two or three steps. On throw right hand the player pushes off with his left foot. In flight, the fly leg is bent and carried up and to the side; brings the hand with the ball behind the head; torso and shoulders turns in the direction of the swing. The throw is performed as soon as it reaches the highest take-off point. The player turns his chest to the goal and, simultaneously with the active movement of the swing leg back, sends the ball to the target (Fig. 123). If the defender
interferes with it, the thrower can throw by extending his arm up over the block, or throw the ball while leaning to the side.
A jump throw can also be performed with a turn. It is used when moving along the goalkeeper's area. The turn to the gate occurs after the repulsion. The most difficult jump shot after catching the ball directly in flight.
The long jump bent arm overhand throw is often used by players operating near the goalkeeper's area. Variety of conditions
hand and fly leg, and then, after the coup, gets up (Fig. 125).
Throws with a bent arm from above in the fall allow you to attack from the so-called closed positions. There are throws in the fall forward, to the side and back.
Throw bent
hand from above falling forward is often used in a seven-meter free throw. In the starting position, the player stands sideways to the goal, holding the ball in front of him with both hands. Starting the swing, he transfers the weight of the body to the leg located behind. Then, with a push, he completely transfers it to the leg in front. The fly leg bends and takes out to the side. Starting the fall, the player turns his chest to the gate, bends in the lower back and sends his hand forward with a quick movement. The ball is released just before touching the floor with the free hand. They land first on the hands, and then on the chest (Fig. 126).
Throw with a bent arm from above in a fall to the side is one of the most difficult technical methods of attack. Usually it is performed together with a feint. After eliciting a response from the defender and approaching him, the player transfers the weight of the body to the leg closest to the direction of the throw. From this position, he begins to fall to the side. In this case, the fall is made as if on the back. The ball may be carried farther behind the head. The throw is performed under the hands of the defender at the very last moment before landing (Fig. 127).
The bent arm throw from the side is also used when attacking from closed positions. It can be performed on different height(depending on the situation): at the waist, thigh, lower leg. The throw is preceded by cross steps. Starting the throw, the player leans towards the throwing arm, the arm with the ball bent at the elbow begins to move parallel to the court, the forearm and hand are somewhat behind. Then
the arm is straightened and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand the ball is directed to the target (Fig. 128).
In addition to throws with an inclination towards the striking hand, throws with an inclination in the opposite direction are quite often used.
To attack from closed positions, throws with a straight arm are also used. Their advantage is that they can be performed with the attacker's back to the goal. In this case, the swing is carried out by moving forward. Throws with a straight arm are divided into throws from above, from below and from the side. The thrower in this way can stand still, move around in a run, or throw while falling.
A throw with a straight arm from above (with a forward swing) is used when the attacker is with his back to the goal and a defender takes care of him from behind. Starting the swing, the player brings the throwing hand under the ball and presses it to the forearm. The weight of the body is transferred to the opposite leg. From this position, the throwing hand
A throw with a straight arm from the side (with a swing forward) is performed in the same cases as a throw from above. Before the swing, the ball is pressed with a brush to the forearm and supported with the other hand from below. Having taken a step in the direction opposite to the direction of the throw, the attacker transfers the weight of the body to the one in front.
leg; then, abruptly pushing off, he begins to turn his body with his chest to the gate. The throwing arm straightens and at chest level moves in a horizontal plane in the same direction. Weight
the bodies are completely transferred to the leg on which the turn is performed. The throw ends with an active guiding movement of the hand (Fig. 130).
A throw with a straight arm from below (with a forward swing) is used to attack from a position with your back to the goal. When swinging, the player, pressing the ball to the forearm, quickly brings his hand forward, and then with a pendulum motion down, back sharply
sends her back. The ball is released after the arm begins to rise up.
Finishing off. Very often the ball thrown into the goal bounces off the goalkeeper or the post. It can again be sent to the gate with a blow of the brush of one or two hands. They finish off the ball in a jump with a fall into the goalkeeper's area (Fig. 131).
Throwing is performed through the released goalkeeper. Attacker fakes a throw in the usual way, but at the last moment, before releasing the ball, with a brush directs it through the goalkeeper into the goal (Fig. 132).
Throws after the ball bounces off the court are more difficult to stop. Therefore, they are used when attacking the gate from all positions. When throwing from extreme positions, the ball is given rotation to the left or right. Then, after a bounce, he abruptly changes the direction of flight.
Feints. Feints are complex tricks consisting of two or three elements. Purpose
the first move is to evoke the defender's reaction, the second is to use it. Therefore, the first movement is performed a little slower, and the second - as quickly as possible. There are tricks without the ball and with the ball. Feints performed without the ball help the player to get out of custody and get the ball. The player with the ball resorts to a feint to attack the goal or pass the ball to a partner.
As feints, they use all the technical methods of playing in the attack, as well as slopes, attacks, turns, stops, changes in direction and speed of running.
The most common feints include:
false pass in one way followed by passing the ball in another way;
false transfer followed by a throw;
false throw with subsequent transfer (Fig. 133);
false departure in one direction, followed by departure in the other;
a false throw followed by a stroke.
The simplest example of a feint is an imitation of a jump shot, followed by a landing, hitting the ball to the floor and stroking the defender.
Barriers. They are performed without the ball and with the ball. Distinguish between side and front screens.
In a side screen, the attacker without the ball is positioned to the side of the defender, legs wide apart, arms bent
If the player with the ball puts a side screen, then he passes the ball after he stops and makes a turn in front of the defender (Fig. 134).
The front screen is different in that the screener does not stand on the side, but between his partner and his defender. If the latter tries to bypass the barrier, then the attacker, turning around, will prevent him.
There are also movable and static barriers.
A movable barrier is used if there is a need to free the attacker from the guardianship of the opponent for a longer time. The shielder moves after passing the ball parallel to the direction of the partner's exit.
A group screen is a screen in which two or three attackers participate. They are located close to each other and deprive the defenders of the opportunity to approach the player with the ball.
Defense technique
All players must equally master the techniques of attack and defense. Special defensive techniques allow you to take the ball away from the opponent and prevent shots into the goal. These include standing and moving, intercepting and clearing the ball, blocking shots, switching and slipping, and defending the goal.
Defender stand. Defense uses a lower stance than offense as the player must be ready for instant exits and jumps in any direction. The defender's legs are bent and spaced to the width of the step, body weight on the front of the foot. The arms are half-bent (45-50°) and slightly apart at chest level, the palms are open to the ball (Fig. 135). In single combat with a player in possession of the ball, the defender takes a stance, putting forward (30-40 cm) leg (usually left). For greater stability, the toe of the right foot is turned to the side. The left hand (closest to the ball) is raised up and approached To the ball, the right is bent in front of the chest (it absorbs a collision or interferes with the player's aim). In close contact with the player, the defender with his body and hands pushes the opponent to a less advantageous position.
Movement. Defensive players often have to move backwards and side steps. The technique of movement of a handball player does not differ from similar methods of playing basketball.
Interception. The defender must always aim to intercept the ball. Therefore, when playing against an attacker, he needs to take the right
position. It is better to intercept the ball when the defender moves in advance in the direction of a possible pass and extends the nearest To opponent's hand forward. At the moment the ball approaches, the defender, ahead of the attacker, sharply pushes off with his far foot and, taking a wide step with the other foot, catches the ball. It is also possible to intercept with an exit from behind a player waiting for the pass while standing still.
knockout ball. You can hit the ball while dribbling and swinging. To knock the ball from the leader, you need to get close to him and move nearby for a while. Ray-
We should not do this at the moment when the ball is not protected by the player's body and starts to rise after hitting the court. The defender brings his hand under the attacker's arm and hits the ball with a push of the brush.
Especially important is knocking out, which is called "taking the ball from the batter." It is used against players who have come to the line of the goalkeeper's area. Having approached the attacker, the defender moves with him and waits for the right moment to swing. When the player brings the hand with the ball back, the defender quickly extends his hand and, blocking the path of the throw, removes the ball from the thrower's hand with a brush (Fig. 136).
Blocking. This is the main technique that prevents shots and ensures possession of the ball and the transition to a counterattack. The direction of the throw is blocked by hands, torso, and in individual cases- and a leg. When blocking a shot, the defender from the middle moves 40-60 cm towards the throwing arm to be in the middle of an imaginary axis connecting him to the ball. This not only makes blocking easier, but also allows the goalkeeper to see the ball better.
Preparing for the block, the defender closely monitors the player, trying to determine the moment and direction of the throw. Noticing the beginning of the movement, he takes a step forward and quickly takes out straightened arms towards the ball. In order to more accurately block the throw, the defender bends his arms somewhat at the elbows (angle 120-140 °), the hands are connected, the fingers are tense and apart (Fig. 137). The ball is met with palms. If
Blocking is performed in the support position. The jump can only be used against a player who has completed the dribble. If the throw is held away from the defender, then the hands are taken out to the side and at the same time protect the face from the ball.
Switching. This is a technique that allows you to maintain control over the players under guard. It is mainly used when putting up barriers. The defender, who is screened, immediately retreats one or two steps back and further takes care of this player. His partner, on the contrary, takes a step forward and meets the player coming out from under the barrier.
Goalkeeper's technique
Goal play is the most difficult and complex part of the defense technique. During the game, the goalkeeper has to reflect 40-70 shots, some of which are carried out from a distance of only a few meters. To cope with this task, he needs not only the
to give special qualities, but also to perfectly master special protective techniques.
The goalkeeper's playing technique consists of standing, moving, catching and holding the ball with his hands, holding the ball with his feet, passing and feints.
Rack. The goalkeeper must always be ready for action. To do this, he needs to watch the ball all the time and, having chosen a position, take the desired stance.
The goalkeeper is usually positioned about half a meter from the goal line. The legs are bent and spaced at a width of 20-30 cm, body weight is evenly distributed on the front of the feet. The body is slightly tilted forward, the arms are bent and spread apart, the palms are facing the ball (Fig. 138).
If a throw is threatened from the edge, then the goalkeeper goes to the goal post, straightens up and raises both hands up or lowers one to the side, puts one foot close to the bar, turning his toes in the direction from the goal line. Body weight is completely transferred to the leg closest to the bar.
Movement. The goalkeeper must master the technique of movement (sharp starts, jumps, stops, running backwards). Most often you have to use side steps. But it is important to be able to perform lunges, splits, somersaults, rolls. When moving, the goalkeeper must strive to maintain a supporting position for as long as possible in order to start a new movement at any time.
Catching the ball. The goalkeeper should strive to get possession of the ball as quickly as possible, since this determines how quickly the team will go on the counterattack. It is best to catch it with two hands. If you can’t immediately catch the ball, you need to strive to seize it as soon as possible after the rebound (Fig. 139).
Handling the ball. It is almost impossible to catch a strongly flying ball, especially if it flies away from the player. In this case, the goalkeeper only delays him - blocks his way with his hand put to the side. If the ball flies into the corner, the goalkeeper takes a short step from the near foot and meets it with the palm or forearm (fig. 140). At the same time, the elbow is somewhat relaxed, and the muscles of the forearm are tense. At the moment of contact with the ball, the forearm moves back a little to reduce the force of the blow. In some cases, you can hold the ball in a jump, followed by a fall. To do this, the goalkeeper first takes a short side step towards the ball, then powerfully pushes. In flight, he holds the ball with one or two hands, after which he lands with a roll and immediately gets up (Fig. 141).
Having deflected a difficult ball, the goalkeeper must strive to direct it
away from players or out of bounds. Holding the ball with the foot. Throws aimed at the bottom of the goal and hitting the ball on the court are stopped by the feet. Falls in this case are irrational, since they require much more time. The ball is held by the nearest foot, for which a step or lunge is taken to the side. The foot and lower leg are turned and carried low above the ground to the ball (Fig. 142). The foot is placed on the floor from the heel. A low-flying ball is reflected by the joint movement of the arms and legs.
They also delay throws into the far lower corner of the goal, made from extreme positions.In some cases, especially when approaching a player (Fig. 143), the goalkeeper has to hold the ball with his body.
Ball passes. The success of the defending team's counterattacks depends on how quickly and accurately the goalkeeper passes the ball. Especially accurately, he must be able to pass the ball over a long distance - "in separation".
Feints. Feints can be used when reflecting the ball and passing. Hand movements, torso tilts, movements, as well as false ball passes are used as feints.
Intentionally occupying one of the corners before the throw, the goalkeeper, at the moment of the movement of the throwing arm, takes a step in the direction of the left open corner of the goal, where the attacker usually directs his throw. Similarly, he may position his arms in advance to cover one direction for the batter. This reduces the attacker's choice.
GAME TACTICS
In handball, various systems for organizing the actions of a team in attack and defense are used. All of them are based on simpler group and individual tactical actions (the classification of the game is given in Fig. 144).
In attack, teams usually organize their actions by placing players in two lines: in the first (in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper's area) one to four players can act; in the second (behind the nine-meter line) - from two to five forwards. Most often, the 3-3 arrangement is used. In this case, the attackers are positioned as shown in Fig. 145.
Defense is also usually organized from two lines. The positions of the players in the defense are determined taking into account their positions in the attack. Most often, the 5-1 zone defense is used. In this case, the players occupy the following positions: 6 - line player, 7 - left edge
ny, 4 - left welterweight, 3 - middle defender, 2 - right welterweight, 5 - right winger, 1 - goalkeeper.
During the game, players constantly change places, but not for long
playing in a familiar position is usually more successful.
Attack tactics
Attack is the decisive phase of the game. It is carried out from the moment of possession of the ball. The method of organizing an attack is determined by the current situation and the game plan chosen by the team. The nature and content of individual and group actions of players are dictated by the chosen system of play and are always consistent with the basic principles.
principles of organizing tactical actions in an attack. This is the preservation of control over the ball, the arrangement and their places in it, as well as the variety of technical and tactical means used.
Individual actions handball players in the attack are subject to the solution of a common problem. The most important elements of tactics are the correct assessment of the situation and the rational choice of location. The player without the ball must first of all free himself from the guarding of the opponent and receive the ball in a position convenient for attacking the goal or further development her passing the ball to a partner. The player who took possession of the ball must cpasy look for an opportunity to beat his guardian on his own. The success of martial arts depends on the right choice of the moment and the way of playing.
Group interactions are made up of coordinated actions of individual players. They can be learned in advance or arise during the game. Attackers must be able to use both of these forms of interaction, but still preference should be given to learned actions, since they are more effective.
Fast Break
This system of attack is used at the moment of transition from defense to attack. The fast break attack is notable for its effectiveness, since it is carried out against a team that has not had time to organize a defense.
A fast break can be organized by a sudden interception of the ball, after taking possession of the ball rebounding from the goalkeeper or the goal, during a throw-in or free throws. There are two main ways to attack with a fast break: breaking with a long pass to the forward player and breaking with short passes between non-
how many players moving without change and with change of places:.
Fast break with a long pass- the easiest and most effective way to attack. Usually this pass is made by the player who first took possession of the ball, and most often by the goalkeeper.
A long pass is sent to the player who managed to get ahead of the returning defenders. For such a break to be successful, it must be carried out at the moment preceding the possession of the ball. The first player to receive the ball is either closest to the opponent's goal, or located on the far side of the ball.
The transfer is carried out immediately at the exit of the player. However, it should not be too long or high.
One of the options for attacking with a long pass is shown in Fig. 146. Having caught the ball, the goalkeeper passes it to the player running into the gap. The rest of the partners immediately join the attack, trying to get ahead of the nearest defenders.
Quite often, the pass to the outgoing player is made through the player who received the ball near the goalkeeper's area. This method is used when the goalkeeper is unable to make a long pass or when the attacker is late with the start of the breakaway and moves with the opponent. Such a pass is calculated on the error of the defender returning to the ball with his back. The pass is most often directed along the edge, over the defender's head.
Fast break with short balls used when the team takes possession of the ball in the area in front of the goal and the opponent has time to cover.
If the opponent manages to maintain equality of forces, then the players of the "second echelon" are included in the attack, creating a numerical superiority - 4x3, 5x4. In this case, the attack can end with a throw from a distance through a free "window".
Group actions during a fast break. A fast break consists of three phases: possession of the ball and the transition from defense to attack, maneuver in movement on the court, completion of the attack. At the beginning of the attack, it is important to start breaking away from the defenders in a timely manner, choose the right exit direction and quickly pass the ball to the player. Therefore, the main form of interaction between the two players in this phase of the attack is passing to the exit to the breaking player. To avoid an interception, the walker must move at an angle to the goal, blocking the defender from reaching the ball. The passing player must correctly choose the direction and trajectory of the pass. More often other
Here they use longitudinal passes to the player's exit.
During the maneuver, attackers tend to take up the entire width of the court in order to stretch the defense and get into convenient positions to complete the attack. Movement at maximum speed (mainly with a change of place) is combined with a quick transfer to a partner free from guardianship.
The breakthrough ends most often with a numerical superiority of the attackers over the defenders (1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 2). Here it is important to bring the "extra" player out of the zone in front of the goal. To do this, the player with the ball distracts the defenders with his active actions, and then gives the ball to the partner who has taken a comfortable position (Fig. 148). If the attackers do not have a numerical advantage (2: 2, 3: 3), they should not
appear from the throw and wait for the rest of the partners. Fast coordinated movements and transfers make it possible, even under these conditions, to use the difficulties in defending a large playing space with small forces and quite easily create an opportunity for a throw.
With the change in the rules of the game and the introduction of time limits on the attack, the value of the fast break has increased. Each team must master this formidable offensive weapon in modern handball.
positional attack
If a team fails to make a fast break, it is forced to act against the opponent's organized defense. To do this, they resort to a positional attack. It is distinguished by the duration of preparation, the constant participation of all players, and the widespread use of pre-learned methods of group interaction. The ultimate goal of such an attack is to create a short-term numerical superiority in one of the sections of the site.
Although a positional attack is less effective than a fast break, it is more expedient in certain cases. The transition to a positional attack allows you to change the pace of the game. However, in modern handball, this is more of a forced transition to a new form of attack after a failed fast break.
A positional attack consists of the initial phase, preparatory and completion of the attack.
In the first phase, the players are placed, the opponent's defense system is determined, and the action plan is chosen.
As soon as the players take their positions, the team begins to implement the planned actions. In this preparatory phase, group interactions are carried out, in which two to six players participate. The movements of the ball and the players are taken to create a numerical superiority in one of the areas of the court, convenient for the final throw.
The next phase is the completion of the attack. Simultaneously with the shot at the goal, the team prepares to continue the attack and return to their goal in an organized manner.
In a positional attack, there are two main options for organizing an attack:
with one lineman (arrangement 3-3 - fig. 149, A) and with two (arrangement 4-2 - fig. 149, b).
The use of linemen operating in the most dangerous zone for scoring pins down the defense and makes it difficult for them to operate against other attackers. Areas of action and functions of the linemen are changing. In each individual case, the most rational way of organizing an attack and using linemen is chosen.
Group actions during a positional attack. In each phase of the attack, they use their own methods of interaction. In the first phase, the players change places and take the most convenient position for subsequent actions. In the second phase, various combinations are used, simple and complex. The simplest of these are interactions between two players, the most complex are those involving all six players. Well-developed methods of interaction between two or three players allow you to quickly create conditions for scoring a goal.
Among the effective ways to get rid of the defenders is the transfer of the ball to a player who enters a free place (Fig. 150), a change during cross and oncoming movement (Fig. 151), single and group screens (Fig. 152), a fettering attack - an imitation of a passage between two defenders, followed by the transfer of the ball to the released partner (Fig. 153).
These combinations involve two or three players. The interactions of a larger number of players are made up of the simplest combinations
actions performed with pre-agreed movements of the players.
As one of the forms of organizing an attack, an attack with a constant movement of all players, successively occupying different positions on the court, can be used. These include attacks that are called the "eight" (Fig. 154), "wave", "two triangles", etc.
A special place in the tactics of a positional attack is occupied by actions
in standard positions (with a nine-meter free throw, corner or free throw and with unequal teams). With a nine-meter free throw, one of the group screen options is usually used (Fig. 155). They tend to complete the corner throw with an attack from close range (Fig. 156).
During a free throw, the players position themselves in such a way as to be able to take possession of the rebounded ball and prevent the opponent from counterattacking.
With a numerical advantage, an attack is used with the exit of two attackers to the line of the goalkeeper's area (Fig. 157).
If the team remains in the minority, it seeks to actively maintain control of the ball for as long as possible.
Defense tactics
The team is in the defensive role from the moment they lose the ball. Now the goal of her actions is to prevent the opponent from throwing the ball into the goal and to retake it as soon as possible.
Only with excellent organization of the actions of the defenders can this difficult task be solved. Strong defense is the foundation of victory. Defense must be active, flexible, layered. The basic principles of the organization of defense are a constant attack of a player with soft
chom, maintaining a balance of forces in each sector and at every moment of the attack, creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of attack.
In defense, you cannot limit your actions to preventing a shot at the goal. It is necessary to actively interfere with the conduct of the attack. Protection without safety net of one player by another is impossible. Having beaten one, the attacker should always switch to another defender.
The primary task of the defenders is to delay the first pass and the player rushing into the breakthrough. The players closest to the ball must immediately attack the player who has the ball. The rest quickly come back.
The tactics of the game in defense consists of individual, group and team actions. Moreover, the nature and content of individual and group actions are determined by the chosen system of play.
Individual tactical actions include choosing a place when holding a player without the ball and with the ball, tackling the ball and countering shots into the goal.
The defender is always located between the attacker and his goal at a distance that allows him to actively join the fight at the right time. If he guards a player without the ball, he should move slightly away from the ball in order to help his partners if necessary. When guarding the player with the ball, the defender is located on the side of his strongest hand, and if there is a threat of a throw, he comes close to him (Fig. 158) and tries to prevent the throw - put his hand on the ball or on the shoulder joint (closer to the collarbone) opponent.
If the attacker goes to the ball, then the defender must get ahead of him and make it difficult for him to get out, being located in advance on the way. The leader is pushed closer to the side lines or towards his weakest hand, trying to simultaneously knock the ball out or force him to pick it up.
The ball is taken away by intercepting passes or knocking out at a convenient moment. An interception is possible if the defender takes a position near the line of the intended pass and anticipates its moment.
You need to make it a rule: do not allow a single throw without blocking. The effectiveness of this technique largely depends on the attention, courage and determination of the blocker. The main thing is to accurately capture the moment the throw begins: this deprives the attacker of the opportunity to circle the block. Getting close to the thrower also allows for a successful block. The defender always attacks the attacker's throwing hand and covers the most dangerous direction - the near corner of the goal along the throw.
The effectiveness of the goalkeeper's game is largely determined by his ability to choose a place and coordinate his actions with the actions of the defenders. When moving in front of the goal, he should almost always be on the line,
which bisects the angle formed by the ball carrier and the side posts. From here, he prepares to move forward to reduce the angle of impact. It is obligatory to go out against the striker from close range from the area in front of the goal (see Fig. 143). The goalkeeper approaches the player at a distance of 2-2.5 m and stops or jumps with arms and legs wide apart. At the same time, he must be ready to quickly step back if the ball is thrown.
When throwing at an angle of 30-20 °, the goalkeeper can safely come forward, as this will significantly reduce the possible angle of impact, and it is very difficult to throw the ball over it. When throwing at an angle of 30-40 °, it is advisable for the goalkeeper to take a place 30-50 cm from the near post.
When breaking through a seven-meter free throw, the goalkeeper leaves the gate and approaches the kicker at a distance of 4-5 m, and when breaking through nine-meter throws, he takes a place in a corner uncovered by a wall of players.
The goalkeeper must constantly supervise the actions of the defenders and coordinate his actions with them. Defenders, on the other hand, should strive to close the near corner and the attacker's kicking arm, but not obscure the ball from the goalkeeper and allow him to clearly see the movement of the kicking arm. With the right interaction with the defender, the goalkeeper mainly focuses on repelling the shot into the far corner of the goal.
TO group tactical actions defenders include safety net, switching, slippage, group blocking, interaction with the numerical superiority of the attackers.
Safety net means creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of attack - the defenders are shifted to a partner attacking the player with the ball. Defenders approach him from both sides, creating a "protective triangle" (Fig. 159).
Switching is used for barriers, oncoming and cross movements, changing places by attackers. Having approached each other, the defenders, on a signal, exchange ward players (Fig. 160).
Slippage consists in the fact that one of the defenders is given opportunities to unrelentingly control the
furnace player. This is usually necessary when holding attackers tightly. Then the defender, to whom the partner approached with the attacker, takes a step back from the ward, passing the other in the shortest direction behind the outgoing attacker. Group blocking is carried out by two or three players. It allows you to tightly close the batter. This technique is used when breaking through a nine-meter free
throw, when the attackers form a "wall" in front of the goal (Fig. 161), as well as directly in the game. In this case, two defenders usually interact, blocking possible throws into the corners.
Interaction during the selection of the ball is typical for aggressive defense systems. It is used in the fight against the player in possession of the ball. The nearest (or free) partner suddenly comes to the aid of the defender guarding him, who attacks the player who is moving with the ball or who has stopped after the dribble, trying to knock out or intercept the ball from him.
Interacting with a numerical minority (2x3, 3x4, etc.), the defenders try to delay the development of the attack, interfere with the pass or intercept it and force the opponent to throw from a disadvantageous position. To do this, they retreat to the goalkeeper's area and are located in the middle in front of the goal. With a false attack, they force the attacker with the ball to make a hasty pass, which the other defender seeks to intercept. They usually cover the player with the ball and the partners closest to him. Players located on the far side of the ball and at the touchlines remain free; the ball carrier is pushed away from the middle so that he can shoot at a sharper angle.
Personal protection system
With this system of organizing the actions of the team, each player is given the task of keeping a certain attacker. Markings are distributed according to positions, physical and other qualities, or according to the principle of the nearest player at the time of the loss of the ball.
Personal defense has three varieties: all over the site, in its own half and in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper's area.
It is quite difficult to carry out personal protection: attackers with the ball have the right to take three steps before and after the ball; opportunities to take the ball away from a player in full control of it are also limited. However, in some cases, personal defense becomes the only way to achieve victory.
Personal protection throughout the court justified when the defending team has a clear advantage or when the opponent, leading
in the score, delays the game. Having lost the ball, the defenders immediately disassemble the players and relentlessly follow them, making it difficult to receive the ball and act with it.
Personal defense in own half of the field pursues the same goal as the defense throughout the court.
Personal defense at the goalkeeper's square used to establish complete control over the actions of each attacker. It is especially effective when the defenders are outnumbered. In this case, the free defender takes a place in the center of the zone and secures all the players (Fig. 162).
Zone defense system
It differs in that the defenders operate only in a certain zone assigned to each.
Any attacker who is in the zone is guarded by a defender. It is rather difficult to overcome the zone defense, since the actions are mainly concentrated on a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe area in front of the goal - in the zone of the greatest effectiveness of the shots (from the middle to the 40 ° angle). In addition, not one, but several defenders almost always act against the player with the ball.
The position of defenders can be different. There are several options for zone defense: 6-0 (or six in a line), 5-1 4-2 and 3-3 (fig. 163).
The choice of one or another option is determined by the preparedness of the defenders and the tactical scheme of the opponent's game. In a game with teams attacking mainly with long-range shots, two or three players are pushed forward, the rest remain at the six-meter line. When meeting with teams that play as linemen and wingers, most defenders remain in the second line. Each of these options has its own varieties in the arrangement of players and the nature of their actions. Their goal, as a rule, is to ensure constant control in any phase of the attack for each attacker, and especially for the player with the ball.
The interaction between the defenders in the zone is reduced to the coordination of exits to the player with the ball beyond the nine-meter line (with protection
of the vacated zone) and to the switching of defenders during the movements and screens of the attackers (Fig. 164).
Mixed system forshields
It builds on the principles of personal and zone defense systems and thus complements and enhances them. Mixed defense allows you to tie up the initiative of the strongest opponent players and at the same time concentrate the main forces on the main direction of attack. Most often, it manifests itself in a tight hold of one or two attackers, while the rest of the players are located in the zone. This defense is called "five plus one" (5+1) or "four plus two" (4+2). Recently, 5 + 1 protection has become especially widespread.
Each team should be armed with several systems and options for protection. During the game, they are used in various combinations. The transition from one system to another is also possible during one attack by the opponent, which gives the defenders great advantages: the opponent is forced to repeatedly reorganize during the course of the game. f A doing it is very difficult.
METHODOLOGY OF LEARNING AND TRAINING
In the process of training and training, handball players acquire special knowledge, skills and abilities, improve physical, psychological and moral-volitional qualities.
At the first stage, students get acquainted with the rules and the main content of the game, study the main elements of technology, the basics of individual tactics, get acquainted with the simplest methods of team tactical actions.
At the second stage, the previously studied is improved and new, more complex techniques and basic tactics of the game in attack and defense are taught.
At the third stage, sports training begins, which aims to achieve a high level of mastery of technique and tactics, to prepare the body for maximum loads and stresses.
Physical training
The game of handball places high demands on the body involved. The higher the level of development of physical qualities, the easier it is to achieve sportsmanship. With the improvement of functional
the effectiveness of the use of techniques and tactics of the game increases with the use of the body's capabilities.
For general physical training of handball players, general developmental exercises are used without objects, with objects and on equipment; exercises from athletics (running, jumping, throwing), gymnastics and acrobatics, weightlifting, swimming and other sports. A variety of outdoor games are very useful, as well as football, hockey, badminton.
Exercises included in special physical training are usually divided into two groups: 1) exercises for the development of strength, speed, endurance, dexterity, speed of reaction, orientation and other qualities; 2) exercises aimed at improving the techniques of the game.
For the development of strength, exercises of a dynamic nature are used, performed at a variable pace, for the development of "explosive" strength, exercises with low weights, performed at a maximum pace. The most effective exercises with a weight of 30% of the maximum. Performing them to failure allows you to develop not only strength, but also strength endurance.
Exercises with small weights are very useful when mastering the basic technical techniques of the game. In this case, it is possible to increase strength without violating the structure of the technique of playing techniques. Therefore, in the training of handball players, a weighted ball (up to 600 g), exercises with stuffed balls and on block devices (with weights) are widely used. The training also includes a variety of exercises with a barbell, dumbbells, expander, rubber cords, overcoming your own weight and partner resistance, running in difficult conditions (on sand, snow), etc.
In handball, both the speed of a single movement and the ability to act at a maximum pace for a long time are equally important. Speed is developed with the help of exercises performed with the greatest frequency for 4-6 seconds. They are periodically repeated with rest intervals. This repetitive work method is successfully combined with the method of variable and interval training.
For the development of speed qualities and the acquisition of the so-called game speed, various exercises are used, the performance of technical elements with maximum speed of movement and training games with a reduction in time, a decrease in the size of the site and the number of players. Also of great importance different kinds speed running, and especially jerks for 20-60 m, all kinds of games and relay races.
The basis of speed endurance is general endurance developed in the process of long-term exercise with low intensity. To develop special endurance, on the contrary, exercises performed with increased intensity are necessary. Therefore, endurance in handball players is developed in the process of variable and interval work. Then the intensity of the exercises should reach 80% of the maximum possible. At the end of the exercise, the pulse can reach 180 beats per minute, and the exercise itself
should be 30-90 sec. and about the same pause for rest, in which the pulse drops to 120-140 beats.
The main exercises that develop endurance are cross-country running combined with walking and general developmental exercises, preparatory and game exercises performed for a long time (football, swimming, skiing and 1 other sports, training games and competitions).
They improve endurance by gradually increasing the load, increasing its intensity, increasing the pace and duration of you;; completing the exercise.
Agility improves along with an improvement in overall coordination, balance and orientation. It is necessary to develop dexterity (general and special) systematically.
To do this, they use exercises with and without a ball in a limited space, outdoor games, acrobatic exercises, sports games (football, rugby, hockey) and other sports (diving into water, boxing, etc.), special exercises in unusual conditions (with a sudden change of situations, the complication of the opposition of the opponent, etc.).
Handball players need to constantly improve flexibility (especially goalkeepers) and jumping ability. To do this, workouts include exercises that help develop flexibility in other sports.
Purposeful development of all physical qualities helps to achieve a harmonious unity of their manifestation in game, competitive conditions.
Technical training
Mastering a particular technique occurs in a certain methodological sequence. The external conditions are gradually becoming more complicated. If at the beginning the movements are performed without competition elements, then later they include elements of competitions in accuracy and speed, A as well as exercises with opposition from the opponent. At first it is passive, but gradually its activity increases. The number of conditional rivals is also growing.
They improve the studied techniques in special game exercises and training bilateral games.
Learn technique at the same time as individual tactics. In the future, they master the techniques necessary for group interactions and the basics of team tactics.
Learn how to play without the ball. These elements are technically simpler than others, so they are studied first. First, they perform at a slow pace, without an opponent, then increase the speed and turn on the resistance. Consolidation and improvement of the technique of playing without the ball are carried out in relay races and in game conditions.
First, they study running and moving with side steps. Then they move on to stops, turns, running backwards. Completing-
This section is a study of feints and all sorts of combinations of different ways of movement.
Education technique ball games. This is the most complex and extensive section. The task of the teacher is to teach students not only how to handle the ball correctly, but also wisely.
Training begins with mastering the ways of holding the ball (one hand and two). At the same time, they study catching and passing: first they master catching with two hands and passing with a bent arm from above, and then passing in other ways. I catch with one hand, feints and hidden passes are studied later.
Leading is mastered after the trainees master catching with two hands and passing with one hand from above. Leading is first performed in a straight line, then - with a change in direction and stroke of the opponent. This section ends with a study of feints combined with dribble and other techniques.
Throws to the goal are taught after the transfer has been mastered in the same way. Those involved first throw the ball from a place, then after a few steps, on the run, in a jump and in a fall. From throws in the center gradually move on to throws at an increasingly sharp angle towards the goal.
At first, throws are mastered in isolation from other elements, but in the future they are increasingly associated with various techniques, and especially with feints.
First, they master feints with a delay in execution, with a change in direction, then with a change in the method of transmission. In the same sequence, they study feints when throwing at the goal and stroking an opponent. At first, the feint is performed on the spot and without resistance or in motion at a slow pace. Then the execution speed increases and an opponent is introduced.
The technique of playing defense is studied in parallel with mastering the methods of attack, but with some advance of the latter. After the stance and movement with side steps are mastered, they study interceptions during passes, blocking shots at the goal, knocking out when dribbling and "removing" the ball when throwing. The studied technique is performed first in isolation, and then with a slow action of the attacker. Gradually, the reception is done faster and faster. Next, the choice of the moment and method of counteraction is included, since the attacker is allowed to determine the method of attack himself. Consolidation and improvement take place in game exercises with martial arts and in bilateral games.
Learning how to play a goalkeeper begins with mastering the stance and movement. Then they teach catching and holding the ball with their hands (in the supporting position), after that - holding the ball with the foot (with a step, with a lunge, in a split) and passing the ball. Later, they master the techniques of holding the ball in a jump with a fall, feints, exits to the ball. First, the goalkeeper learns to act in the center of the goal, and then - when throwing from extreme positions.
Leading exercises are the same techniques performed outside the goal and in light conditions (throwing the ball, throwing in
a certain point, etc.). Imitation exercises (without a ball) are also useful.
In goalkeeper training, an important place is occupied by actions in complicated conditions: shots from close range, reflection of several consecutive shots; delaying throws after turning to the thrower on a signal, etc.
The exercises used for technical training are carried out in pairs, lines, columns, circles, squares and triangles. Those involved are divided into several subgroups (depending on the number of balls and equipment). All exercises are performed in a stream, with pauses for explanations, correction of mistakes and rest. In the future, the improvement of technology takes place simultaneously with the solution of problems of physical and tactical training. For this, complex exercises are used that affect the development of physical qualities and special motor skills, as well as individual and group exercises in the technique and tactics of playing in their positions in the team.
tactical training
Teaching tactics is the most important and difficult section of training. If in the implementation of technical methods everything depends on the player himself, then in tactical actions success is determined by the coordination of the actions of the entire team. Students must master individual, group and team actions in attack and defense.
Training in individual tactical actions. At first, students master the basics of individual actions in the attack. Studying the technique, they consistently master the actions that provide receptions of the ball from partners: access to the ball without beating and with beating the defender. For this purpose, exercises in ball passes with exits and exercises in martial arts are used. At the same time, in such exercises, they learn to cover the player without the ball and the defenders.
Having received the ball, the attacker must be able to properly dispose of it. Therefore, in the future it is important to teach students to understand and correctly solve the simplest game problems. First of all, it is the choice of the way of individual playing or collective interaction. Actions with the ball are mastered in exercises with beating an opponent in single combat or with the help of a partner.
Later, forwards learn to assist teammates with off-the-ball actions: distract defenders, set up screens, etc.
The training of individual tactical actions in defense is carried out in the same sequence. When students learn to choose a place in actions against a player without the ball, they move on to mastering actions against a player with the ball, and then - actions against two attackers.
When holding a player without the ball, the defender first of all masters the basic principle of positioning between the attackers and the goal.
To do this, use exercises in martial arts with a player trying to reach the intended point.
Later, they move on to mastering the player's holding without the ball directly near the goal. At the same time, the defenders are studying ways to prevent the attackers from entering and receiving the ball in the danger zone. At the same time, they master the position of the defender between the player and the ball (an important rule of “cutting off”), study the technique of playing the interception.
Learning to act against a player with the ball is divided into the following stages: positioning (depending on the position of the attacker), countering the leader (attacking from the side of the strongest hand, pushing back to the sidelines, knocking the ball out), blocking the batter (positioning in relation to the throwing hand and the goal , exit, counteraction to the stroke), the fight against the goalkeeper playing at the line of the area (preventing the exit, "removing" the ball when throwing).
It is best to consolidate individual tactical actions and improve them in a two-sided game.
Training in collective tactical actions. The study of group and team actions, which constitute the main content of tactical training, begins after mastering the most important elements of individual tactics. Methods of group interaction are mastered along with a certain tactical system.
The study of group actions in the attack begins with mastering the interaction of two players. First, they master actions in conditions of numerical superiority (2x1), and then - numerical equality-(2X2).
The basis of the interaction of two players is the transfer of the ball to a free partner. These actions are initially mastered as elements of the fast break attack system: passes between two players moving in parallel, passes with a change of place, a long pass to a breaking partner, finishing an attack with a numerical superiority.
The study of the interaction of two players in a positional attack begins soon after they begin to master the fast break. Actions here are carried out in conditions of numerical equality, and they are mastered in passes, followed by the release and return of the ball during longitudinal, oncoming and cross movement. Later, they begin to study the barriers set by the player without the ball and with the ball. When mastering these actions, exercises are used in pairs in certain areas of the site. The learned techniques are fixed in two-sided games as elements of an attack from certain arrangements of players (in the beginning 6-0).
The next stage is to study the interaction of a larger number of players (3,4, etc.). In attacking with a fast break, they master passes with and without changing places, completing an attack with a numerical superiority (3x2, 4x3) and numerical equality. In positional attack tactics, interactions within links are studied (for example, edge, welterweight, point guard). First, they master combinations with passes and exits of the players, and then - barriers. It is important to adhere to the principle of the logical relationship of techniques, building up a new
previously valuable material. After that, they begin to master the coordinated actions of the entire six attackers. Usually elected | the arrangement is 3-3 and any of the attack options is used with the movement of all players - “wave”, “eight”.
In conclusion, they study actions in standard positions and with unequal teams.
Teaching group interactions in defense also begins with the actions of two defenders. At the same time, the system of personal protection is studied first.
The interaction of two defenders is studied in the following sequence:
safety net - displacement to the defender attacking the player with the ball;
switching - change of wards when moving, playing and screening;
actions against a numerically superior opponent.
Then these same interactions are studied with the participation of three or more defenders.
They move on to zone defense training after mastering personal defense in their own half and throughout the site. It begins with a study of the 6-0 zone defense, where the interactions between defensemen are the simplest yet typical. In the future, learn options for zone defense 5-1, 4-2 and 3-3.
After that, they move on to mastering the mixed defense - 5-1 and 4-2 and actions with standard positions and unequal compositions of teams.
It is necessary that students learn how to move from one system to another in the game and independently be able to find techniques in response to the opponent's actions. A lot of attention from the very beginning should be given to training in an organized transition from attack to defense and back.
When teaching tactical systems, educational
| ny games for one and two gates (with restrictions in the choice of means of attack and defense). Sample exercises 1. Catching and passing the ball when resisted by a defender. 2. Dribbling with a defender's stroke.
Passing and dribbling the ball in an arc, figure eight, two triangles.
Passing the ball to a partner, followed by exit, catching the ball and throwing it into the goal.
Throwing the ball into the goal after a dribble, overcoming the resistance of the defender.
Passing the ball to a partner with setting up a screen to his defender.
Throwing the ball into the goal after the screen.
Passing the ball into the gap, throwing the ball on the move.
Hidden pass to the line for a shot at the goal when moving crosswise.
FEATURES OF EXERCISE WITH CHILDREN
Systematic handball training usually begins at the age of 10-11 (at school - from the 4th grade). A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - helps to attract children to classes.
There are a number of features in the education and training of children and adolescents. The most important of them are as follows. In class With it is especially important to follow them versatility, visibilitydegree, to provide an active, educative character of the prolearning and training process.
Comprehensiveness is important not only for achieving harmonious physical development - the basis of higher sportsmanship, but also for the technical and tactical training of young athletes. Deficiencies in technology have a negative impact on the tactical activity of the player. The study of a large number of passes, throws, interactions allows the guys in each situation to choose the most profitable way to solve. The limited choice makes the game stereotyped and ineffective. Each player must master three or four ways of throwing, feints and passing the ball.
In tactical training, versatility means versatility in performing various game functions. It is important that every player knows how to play anywhere. A versatile athlete will be able to find the right way solutions to any game situation. This will make it possible to use the most active, dynamic forms of tactical actions in attack and defense.
gradualism it is necessary, first of all, in increasing the intensity of training loads, in the sequence of mastering motor skills. It is better to master a few techniques to perfection than to master many mediocre ones.
Graduality involves the widespread use of leading games and exercises. Exercises are among them. With small balls. At the first stage, you can use ordinary children's balls (rubber or plastic). It is especially important to correctly select the material being studied, bearing in mind the completion of the training of a young handball player only at the last stage, immediately before his transfer to the adult team.
Graduality is also needed in relation to participation in competitions, which should be considered as part of the training process. Competitions are a kind of test of the work of the coach and the preparedness of the players.
An unnecessary desire to win every competition should also be prevented. This will save the guys from forced training
and will enable young athletes to experience the real joy of victory. Therefore, children should be prepared to participate in competitions gradually, without emphasizing the need for victory.
visibility the learning process when working with children and adolescents plays an extremely important role. It is achieved by a quality display, accompanied by an accurate, concise and clear explanation. The use of cinema, photographs, drawings, layouts is of interest to the guys.
The specifics of age development forces us to use mainly the game method in classes with children. Reinforce what they learn in simple games and game exercises. Training should be live, close to the game itself.
When teaching tactics, one must strive to instill in children, first of all, the skills of collective action in the game. All typical game situations must be explained and shown in detail. The simplest interactions in these situations should be worked out until automatism appears in order to successfully apply them in all such cases. Schematism should be avoided, initiative and creativity of children should be encouraged.
A conscious, active attitude of young handball players to the study of the game, to the process of training and self-improvement must be educated. Not the least role here is played by will and diligence, perseverance in achieving the goal. It is extremely important to instill in children the concepts of sports honor and ethics, to develop the desire for constant mutual assistance and gain. Tasks are facilitated if a healthy children's team is formed from the very first days of classes.
The study of the game begins with the mastery of individual tactical actions. And at first they master simpler actions without the ball. Ball skills are initially limited to catching and passing. So, at 10-12 years old, they study catching a high-flying ball with two hands, passing with a bent arm from above and with two hands from the chest, throws from above in support and in a jump over the goalkeeper's area. At the same time, specialized training of goalkeepers begins: they master the reflection of balls thrown from the welterweight position.
At the age of 13-14, they begin to study other methods of catching, passing from above in a jump, from below, by hitting the floor, throws in a jump and in a fall; feints with the ball (during passes). In the future (at the age of 15-16), the arsenal of mastered techniques is expanded, and later (at the age of 17-18) it is thoroughly improved.
Tactical training in full form begins at the age of 13-14. Trainees master individual actions with the ball, the system of personal defense, elements of a fast break and positional attack (without linemen). At the age of 15-16, they move on to the study of zone and mixed defense (5-1), breakthrough with the participation of two or three players, positional attack With one line player. Combinations with the participation of no more than three players are chosen as the main ones.
The study of the main tactical systems of the game is completed V 17-18 years old. In the future, they consolidate what they have learned earlier and acquire
the ability to correctly use techniques in changing competition conditions.
The study of a separate tactical interaction in children should be built on several stages:
a full explanation and analysis of all cases of a possible solution; choosing the most suitable option;
mastering the technical side of the studied interaction (coordination of actions in place and time);
fixing the combination in constant conditions;
consolidation in changing conditions, when the players themselves must evaluate and choose the way of interaction.
This sequence allows you to develop tactical thinking and creative abilities of young handball players. Each of them must learn to think and act in the game independently, creatively applying their knowledge and skills. Therefore, one of the main tasks of training children and adolescents is the acquisition of competitive experience.
INVENTORY AND EQUIPMENT
To solve the problems of physical and technical-tactical training of handball players, various auxiliary equipment and equipment are widely used. special equipment. For the most part, these are the same devices that are used in training in other sports games. The most useful ones include:
Portable gate (3x2 m). They allow you to increase the density of throwing training.
Training board (3.5x2.5 m) with a gate contour. It is used in the development of the accuracy of the throws.
Hanging squares (50x50 cm). They serve as targets.
Portable inclined shield for practicing throws in the process of individual training.
The shield is ribbed. It is used to develop the speed of reaction.
Small trampoline. It is used to improve ball passes.
Mannequins (stationary and swinging). They serve to practice throws from under the defender.
Stroke stands.
Hanging bags. They are used to improve orientation when conducting.
"Propeller". The simplest device with an electromechanical circuit. Made in the form of a target. A ball hitting a moving arrow completes the circuit and causes the bulb to light up. Used to improve ball passing accuracy.
Playground layout with player figures.
Magnetic board.
Equipment used when performing exercises to develop physical qualities: strength, endurance (dumbbells, stuffed balls, jump ropes, weighted belts, sandbags, rubber shock absorbers, etc.).
Tactics of the game is a complex of individuals, groups. and action commands, most appropriate to use in the game.
Attack: 1) individual. (avoidance, application of a throw, passes, dribble and feints). Care can be hidden. Open; application of a throw from an open and closed position; application of transfers openly and hidden, feints with movement, with transfer, with a throw. 2) Grouped real-parallel, for retraction and without retraction. Cross-internal, external; Screen: internal and external 3) command actions: rapid-separation and breakthrough, attack position-3-3, 4-2, in-line.
Protection.1) Individual: marking players without the ball - tight and loose, and marking a player with the ball - exit and retreat, applying tackling, applying knockouts, using breaking, feints. 2) Group: safety net - when marking, when blocking; switching-shift, transfer; parsing. 3) Command: personal protection - with and without switching, zone protection: 6-0, 5-1, 4-2, 3-3, 2-4; mixed: 5-1, 4-2.
ANALYSIS OF TACTICAL ATTACK SYSTEMS
Leaving - an individual tactical action, with the help of which the attackers are freed from the guardianship of the enemy and take an advantageous position for the further conduct of the game. Throw application. All throws can be used from open and closed positions. Throws must be sharp, with the rotation of the ball, the upward trajectory of the ball. When choosing a throw method, the attacker must take into account the characteristics of the goalkeeper.
preparation of the throw from both the defender and the goalkeeper. Hiding from the goalkeeper behind the defender, the attacker performs the throw in the shortest period of time. The main thing is not to give the defender the opportunity to use any counter. The goalkeeper sees where the ball is coming from.
Transfer application. When passing the ball, it is necessary to take into account the position of the partner, the speed and direction of his movement, the proximity of the guarding player. Open transfers, Hidden transfers Applications of dribbling. You should start dribbling, without fail setting yourself the specific task of using this technique: 1) circle the defender and attack the goal, 2) using dribbling, get as close as possible to the goalkeeper’s zone for the final throw. 3) force several defenders to guard themselves, in order to then give the ball to complete the attack to a partner free from guardianship. Feints - actions of the attacker, consisting of unexpectedly started and interrupted tricks of the game, aimed at disorienting the defender and losing his readiness to counter the main trick.
Movement feints are used by the attacker in order to free themselves from the guardianship of the defender. These feints are expressed in a change in direction and pace of movements. A pass feint is used to: 1) divert the attention of the defender from the partner with whom the attacker planned to interact (show the pass to one and give it to another); 2) switch the attention of the defender and the goalkeeper to the partner in order to take advantage of the situation to avoid attacking the goal (show the pass, and leave with the ball or make a throw). swing for a throw from above, a throw from the side); 2) for the defender to change position, ie, make an exit (swing for a throw - leaving with dribbling; swing for a throw - passing the ball to a freed partner). 1 Group actions. Parallel actions - a type of group attack action, in which the paths of movement of the attackers do not intersect during the attack. Two ways of this interaction can be distinguished, depending on the tasks that the attackers set for themselves: either to interact, keeping the defenders at a certain distance from each other, or to force them to converge closely.
Cross actions - a type of group action in which the paths of movement or directions of movement of partners intersect during an attack. Neighborhood actions are internal and external.
Screening - a type of action in which one of the attackers blocks the path of the guarding player. Internal screen - actions in which the blocker is between the partner and the guardian on the partner's line of attack. External screen - an interaction in which the blocker is on the partner's line of attack, to the right or left of the defender.
Barriers are: without care, with care, with accompaniment.
A swift attack is a type of team action against scattered defenders.
Leonenko E.V.,
student of the 4th year of the EE “GGU im. F. Skorina”, Gomel, Republic of Belarus
Scientific adviser - Madzharov A.P., lecturer
The tactical skill of a defense player is not only a high-quality tactical and technical execution of actions. The individual tactical skill of a defender is valued, first of all, based on the general tasks of tactics, on the expediency of certain of his actions in certain moments games or in predetermined standard situations. In other words, the assessment of tactical skill takes into account the level of development of the game thinking of defenders.
It is very important that handball players and their coach consider each tactical action of a defender, the formation of a certain skill, not as something standard, but with a wide measure of selectivity, variability. It is this approach that makes it possible to form a deeply creative attitude of a defender to his game activity, creates reliable prerequisites for a highly developed game thinking. Even in one series of multiple repetitions of an exercise, it is necessary to change the conditions more often, each time to require the athlete to take these changes into account (i.e., treat what is happening consciously). Such an attitude of the defender to the process of preparation, to the improvement of tactical skills will contribute to its faster and better growth, and will help to extract the maximum benefit from the recommended exercise.
Training in individual tactical actions begins with the study of defensive techniques. Moreover, when explaining, special attention should be paid to the choice of place relative to the attacker, the moment the action begins. Training should always take place in single combat with an attacker who is given certain tasks.
For example, when teaching the use of blocking, two main tasks must be solved: 1) determine the direction of the ball's flight and 2) determine the options for blocking (moving or stationary).
To solve the first problem, it is necessary to select exercises in which the defender must respond to throws different ways(blocking from above, sideways on different levels), from different distances to the defender, using different swings. First, the choice of the direction of flight is limited to a certain task for the attacker, and then the defender has to apply the blocking of the ball after arbitrary throws by the attacker.
To solve the second task, the defender must acquire some knowledge about the enemy, show observation and ingenuity. In addition, here it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the defender himself. For the application of mobile blocking, i.e. straightening his arms after the direction of the ball is determined, the defender must have extraordinary speed and reaction. To apply fixed blocking, i.e. blocking some space (usually from above) before determining the direction of the ball flight, the defender does not have to be very fast, but he is required to know what space to block from this or that attacker, and a certain teamwork with the goalkeeper.
Training in group tactical actions of defense begins together with the study of group actions of attack. All training is based on countering attackers. Each group tactical action forces the defenders to use a specific counter. To learn, for example, switching, attackers can perform screening, cross external interaction; for safety net, parallel actions are needed; for slippage - personal guardianship, etc. Begin training with the joint action of two players, and then three or more.
Teaching team actions begins with familiarization with the arrangement of players on the court and the main tasks of players of various roles in various defense systems. The improvement of team defensive actions must be carried out in accordance with the rules that are acceptable for all types and methods of defense: creating a numerical advantage, crossing the pass and the rule of countermovement. The teamwork of defense, its aggressiveness will depend on how competently handball players will be able to comply with these rules in a specific fight with the enemy. Guided by them, it is possible to evaluate the correctness of the defender's actions in a given situation, analyzing the choice of position by him. This facilitates the task of correcting errors, identifying weaknesses in the defense.
Improving game thinking is a long and complex process. Its origins are fundamental work to achieve a high level of development of general and special physical qualities of a handball player, reliable mastery of a complex of various tactical actions, development and improvement of technical skills as the basis of game tactical thinking.
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on the topic: "Handball: the basics of technology, tactics, teaching methods"
1 . Briefinformation aboutbthe history of the emergence and development of the game
The emergence of the game of handball has a rich historical past. Even in ancient times, there were ball games in which elements of modern handball were present, but the date of birth of the game, registered in the international sports classification, is considered to be 1898. The creator of the game is the teacher of the female gymnasium of the Danish city of Ordrup Holger Nielsen.
He also developed and published in 1906 the first rules of the game. Initially, the game had several varieties according to the number of players, namely 7: 7; 11:11, the rules differed accordingly. Hence another, now obsolete, its name - "handball".
The International Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in 1928. Initially, it united the national federations of 11 countries, and after 2 years it included 20. The first official international handball rules were approved at the congress of the federation in 1930. During the Second World War, the IAHF broke up. However, immediately after its completion in 1946, the International Handball Federation (IHF) was created by the efforts of eight national federations, which still functions to this day. Now its members are more than 150 countries from all five continents. The IHF has four commissions: promotion of the game, refereeing, competitions and coaching. handball rule tactical training
In December 1991, the EHF, the European Handball Federation, was created, through whose efforts the European Championships have been held since 1994. The first champions of the continent were the national teams of Sweden (men) and Denmark (women). The same teams are the current European champions, having won this title again in 2002.
The Olympic debut of handball took place in 1936 at the XI Games in Berlin. Here, for the first and only time, handball 11:11 was presented in the Olympics program. Only men's teams competed, and the German team became the first Olympic champion in handball (Table 1)
Tab. 1 Olympic handball tournament winners
|
Olympics |
Holding |
Winning Team |
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Germany Berlin |
Germany |
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Germany, Munich |
Yugoslavia |
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Canada, Montreal |
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USSR, Moscow |
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USA, Los Angeles |
Yugoslavia |
Yugoslavia |
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South Korea, Seoul |
South Korea |
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Spain, Barcelona |
South Korea |
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USA, Atlanta |
Croatia |
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|
Australia, Sydney |
Like most sports games, handball was brought to Russia from abroad by a gymnastics teacher from the Sokol society in 1909. However, he did not receive due popularity. In 1922, a second, more successful attempt was made to introduce handball into the system. physical education Russia. It was a variant of the game 11:11. The first matches were held in Moscow at the experimental site of Vsevobuch. And already in 1928, handball was included in the program of the 1st All-Union Spartakiad. This year was adopted by the Russian Handball Union as the official date of birth of Russian handball.
From the mid-30s to the early 50s, handball in the USSR was again almost completely forgotten. Only in 1954, the organizational meeting of the All-Union section of handball players took place in Moscow. And only in 1956 the first championships of Russia and the USSR in handball 11:11 were held.
In 1957, the All-Union Handball Section, which included Russia, was admitted to the IHF. Two years later, in 1959, it was renamed the All-Union Handball Federation. In connection with the collapse of the USSR in 1990, the Union of Handball Players of Russia (SGR) was formed.
In the period from 1959 to 1961, competitions were held in the country both in 11: 11 handball and 7: 7 handball. Only since 1962, by decision of the Presidium of the All-Union Federation, all official competitions have been held in 7: 7 handball.
Until 1992, Russian handball championships were held without Moscow club teams and Saint Petersburg. During this period, more than 20 times, handball players from Krasnodar became the champions of Russia, and the Rostselmash team occupied the leading position among women.
Since 1992, all teams of the republic have taken part in the Russian handball championships. The first winners of the combined championship were the handball players of the St. Petersburg "Neva", and among women the handball players of the Volgograd "Rotor" became the champions.
Currently, the Russian national teams are among the strongest in the world, being winners and prize-winners of many major international competitions. And Russian club teams quite successfully participate in European cup tournaments.
Rostov handball club "Rostselmash", founded in 1965, is the oldest and most titled in Russia. The handball players of "Rostselmash" became champions of the USSR in 1990-1991, silver medalists in 1979-1982, 1989, bronze medals in 1976, 1988, participants in the finals of European cup tournaments, champions of Russia - 9 times. In the championships of the renewed Russia, Rostselmash became the champion once, twice silver and three times bronze medalist.
From 1992 to 2001, on the basis of the Rostov OJSC "Vodokanal", the men's and women's handball teams "Istochnik" were created, which, in a short period of training, took leading positions in Russian handball. Handball players became champions of Russia in 1996, and in 1997 they won the European Cup Cup. But in 2002, it was decided to merge the two teams into one, which was called Rostov-Don. The new team is the bronze medalist of the Russian Championship 2002-2004. Among the pupils of the Rostov handball there are 9 ZMS, 23 MSMK and 73 MS of the USSR and Russia. The team achieved the most significant success under the guidance of the honored coaches of the USSR and the RSFSR Leomark Nevyadomskov, Alexander Panov and Igor Yeskov.
1.1 Game Feature
Handball is a team sport game. It belongs to contact sports. This means that athletes on the court constantly engage in martial arts, in close contact and exert not only mental, but also physical pressure on each other. All players of the team are united by a common goal: to throw as many balls into the opposing team's goal and not let them into their own. To achieve this success, coordinated actions of all team players who are subordinated to the implementation of a common task are necessary. The actions of each player have a clear specific focus, according to which handball players are distinguished by the functions they perform during the game: field players (central, welterweight, extreme, line) and goalkeeper.
Each of the players performs a different job and carries a different specific load. The motional activity of each player does not simply consist of the sum of individual defense and attack techniques, but represents a set of actions that are united by a common goal into a single dynamic system. The success of motor activity depends on the persistence and variability of skills, the level of development of motor capabilities and the intelligence of each player. Modern handball is an athletic game both in defense and attack, which places high demands on functionality players. Success is achieved by the team whose players are able to control their actions well, take into account the location of partners, rivals, and not let the ball out of sight all the time. Based on the current game situation, make a timely decision to complete the required task.
During the game, a handball player must pay great attention to the ability to stop abruptly, change the direction of running, use a variety of jumps, accurately pass and throw the ball into the goal, giving it the necessary speed and direction depending on the game situation. Handball is characterized by various and unexpected ball passes from different positions for the opponent: with one or two hands, from above, from the side. Taking part in the game, an athlete, in order to reach the gates of the opposing team, each time overcomes a distance of up to 30m, and in order to get ahead of the players of the opposing team, it is necessary not only to run fast, but also to combine running with the performance of such techniques as passing, dribbling and throwing the ball. To throw the ball into the goal, you must have a certain strength training, which develops in the process of both the game itself and the exercises performed in training and training sessions.
During the match, a field player overcomes a distance of 6000 meters using various methods of movement and different, including with maximum speed; makes about 30 jumps; engages in active combat with opponent players at least 40 times.
The intensity of the playing activity of handball players is constantly changing. The main zone of heart rate fluctuation is 156-162 beats/min. Pulse sum for 60 minutes. the game reaches 10,000 strokes, energy consumption is 1200 kcal; and weight loss is 2-4 kg.
The motor activity of a handball goalkeeper has significant features. The main components of his game are moving, lunging, swinging arms and legs, passing the ball. The active phases of the goalkeeper's activity last as long as the ball is in possession of the opponent. After a missed or reflected shot, the goalkeeper passes the ball to his teammates and a relatively passive phase of his game begins. The alternation of phases in the game of the goalkeeper occurs mainly every 10-50 s. The heart rate of a handball goalkeeper during a match ranges from 120 to 175 bpm. The total amount of heart beats per game reaches 8000-9000 beats.
1.2 Basic rules of the game
Rice. 1. Playground
1. The playground (Fig. 1) is rectangular in shape, 40 meters long and 20 meters wide. consists of a playing area and two goalkeeper's areas. The longitudinal lines of the site are called side lines, and the transverse lines are called front lines.
2. The goal (Fig. 2) is in the center of the end line. They must be firmly attached to the site, and have internal dimensions: height 2m. width 3m. the goal must have a net that is suspended in such a way that the ball thrown into the goal cannot immediately jump out of it.
3. The goalkeeper's area is located as follows: in front of the goal at a distance of 6m. parallel to the goal line, a line 3m long is drawn, to which two quarters of a circle with a radius of 6m adjoin on both sides, drawn from the inner edge of the goalposts. The line that defines the goalkeeper's area is called the goalkeeper's area line.
4. The free-throw line - the nine-meter line - is at a distance of 3m. parallel to the line of the goalkeeper's area.
5. The 7m free throw line is a 1m long mark drawn at a distance of 7m. from the rear border of the goal line, in front of their center (middle), parallel to the end line.
6. At a distance of 4m. from the rear border of the goal line, in front of their center, there is a restriction line when breaking through a free throw, 15 cm long, parallel to the front line.
7. The middle line of the field connects the middle of the side lines.
8. At a distance of 4.5m. from the middle line on both sides of it, there are two lines 15 cm long. (perpendicular to the touchline) directed towards the inside of the playing court. They limit the replacement lines.
9. The circumference of a women's handball is 54-56 cm, men's 58-60 cm.
The task of each team is to throw as many balls as possible to the opponent and not concede into their own net. The total composition of the team at the competition is 12-14 people. The team that is directly involved in the game includes a goalkeeper and six field players, who alternately are either forwards or defenders.
You must participate in competitions in the form prescribed by the rules. Field players must wear sports shoes, jerseys with numbers on the back and on the chest, and shorts with numbers. The goalkeeper may play in both short and long pants. Only the goalkeeper's jersey must necessarily differ in color from the form of field players. Each player needs to get his game number.
The referee must have his own uniform, different from the clothes of the players. He must have a whistle and a stopwatch to control the time of the game, a yellow and a red card to warn and penalize the players, to record these penalties and the number of goals scored. The duties of a judge are varied. He gives a signal with a whistle to start and end the game, to score a goal and fixes a violation of the rules of the game.
In handball, there are three clear rules that largely determine the course of the game and that you need to learn right away.
The first is the three second rule. Without performing any action, the player has the right to hold the ball in his hands for no more than 3 seconds.
The second is the rule of three steps. With the ball in hand, you can take no more than 3 steps.
The third is the rule of three meters. If a player puts the ball into play, players of the opposing team must be at least 3 meters away from him.
During the game, you can throw, catch, hit, push, stop the ball in any way, touching it with any part of the body, excluding the legs below the knee. It is allowed to play the ball while kneeling, sitting or lying down.
After catching, taking no more than three steps with the ball in your hands, you can hit it on the ground, then dribble the ball with one hand or alternately with one or the other hand, but as soon as the ball is caught, after 3 steps or after 3 seconds it must be passed partner or throw at the opponent's goal. Passing or throwing can also be done after the first and second step.
A step is considered taken if the leg is lifted from the support and placed again. If more than three steps are taken with the ball in hand, then there will be a run, for which the ball is passed to the opponents. After dribbling and catching, you cannot dribble again. Such a violation is called a double dribble and is also punished with a free throw by the opponent.
You cannot dribble with both hands at the same time, hit the ball with your fist, pass the ball from hand to hand, perform a second dribble, fall on the ball. You can not lean on the player, pushing him to another place to create an advantageous position for himself even after returning the ball, and, moreover, from acceleration to run into the player or jump on him.
Only the goalkeeper is allowed in the goal area to stop the ball with his feet, but on condition that the ball goes into the goal. Handball is played with the hands, and if you touch the ball with your foot, the referee will take the ball away and give it to the opposing team. And in case of deliberate kicking, the judge will remove from the site for unsportsmanlike behavior.
Field players must not step on the line of the goalkeeper's area, enter this area, touch any part of the body when the ball is in hand. You cannot throw the ball into your goalkeeper's area. In this case, if the ball goes into the goal and is stopped by the goalkeeper, the referee will award a free throw. The ball must not be picked up if it lies motionless or rolls across the goalkeeper's area.
The main goal of the game is the ball (goal) thrown into the goal. It is counted if the ball completely crosses the goal line.
The defender can take or intercept the ball if the opponent does not firmly own it (leads, passes the ball, etc.). It is allowed to stand in the way of the enemy's movement, to block him with the body. In the fight for the ball, it is forbidden to snatch and knock the ball from the opponent when he firmly holds it with one or two hands.
It is forbidden to hold the opponent, wrap around, push or endanger in any other way. For example, puts a tripod. You can not push in the back, hold the attacker by the jersey and underpants, go into the area of your goalkeeper in order to protect the gate. Well, the capture of the opponent's hand during a shot on goal is penalized with a seven-meter throw.
No field player is allowed to enter the goalkeeper's area. The owner of the square is the goalkeeper, whose task is not to let the ball into his own net. The goalkeeper can, in his area, hit the balls flying into the goal with his hands, feet, knees, even with his head. If the ball is stopped by the goalkeeper or goes over the goal line after a throw by an attacker, the goalkeeper must pass the ball to his players from anywhere in his area.
The goalkeeper without the ball may leave his area and become an additional field player, and all general rules of the game apply to him. But if a field player - a defender, being in the goalkeeper's area, simply intercepts the ball going into the goal, then he will immediately be punished with a free throw.
The goalkeeper is forbidden to leave his area with the ball, touch the ball, which is behind the line of his area. For this violation, the referee will penalize him with a free throw. And of course, the ball, which is in the field, cannot be brought into its own area. This violation is punished with a free throw.
The goalkeeper can also directly from his area, holding the ball after throwing the attacker, throw it into the opponent's goal. If it hits, the goal is scored.
In total, there are three types of punishment for breaking the rules in handball: free throw, free throw and removal from the field of the player. For minor infractions, regardless of the place of their commission, a free throw is assigned, which is carried out without the whistle of the referee. To do this, the player with the ball stands at the place of the violation and, without taking one foot off the floor, passes the ball to a partner or throws it directly into the goal. If the time of the game is over and a free throw is awarded, it is taken on the whistle. Defenders also stand no closer than 3 meters from the ball carrier and can all put up a wall, since the ball carrier can only shoot at the goal in this case.
If a player grossly violated the rules at the moment when the attacker had a real opportunity to score a goal, the referee appoints a free throw towards the gate of the offender. In many cases, when a rule is broken and rudeness is shown, a double penalty can be applied: sending off a player and awarding a free throw. Here everything is decided by the judge, who determines the degree of guilt of the violator.
The heaviest penalty in handball is the free throw, which is taken one-on-one with an undefended goalkeeper. It can be performed by any player on the team, including the goalkeeper. You need to put your foot to the free-throw line and, without taking your foot off the site, after the referee's whistle, make a throw within three seconds. During the throw, the players of both teams must be behind the free-throw line, no closer than 3 m from the player with the ball.
For violation of the rules of the game, the offender may first be warned by showing a yellow card. For a gross violation - removed from the site for 2 minutes, and the team will play in the minority. If a player was sent off twice in one game for 2 minutes, then the third time he will be disqualified with the loss of the right to enter the court after serving his sentence.
For exceptional rudeness, the referee may disqualify a handball player until the end of the game, but after a 2-minute penalty, another may enter the game instead, and if the referee assesses the player’s behavior as unsportsmanlike, he will send him from the site without the right to replace.
If the ball goes over the touchline, a throw is awarded from behind the touchline. You need to put your foot on the side line in the place where the ball went beyond the court and, without taking off the supporting leg, pass the ball to any partner.
To conduct active defense, closely guarding the players and not making mistakes, is a difficult matter. The rules prescribe severe punishment for rude people. Introduced the effect of a red card without warning if the violation goes beyond what is permitted. The new paragraphs of the rules provide for an increase in the pace of the game by quickly putting the ball into play after a goal is scored. The time of the match stops only when a free kick is awarded, when a player is injured, when a player is removed from the field. The coach may take two minute breaks per game to talk with the players, one in each half. This increased the duration of the match, but highlighted the net time of the game.
A significant influence on the development of the game is provided by inventory and ground surfaces. The high quality of modern court surfaces, the small size of the ball made it possible to master various methods of throwing and passing, which, in turn, enriched tactics.
2. Playing technique
The competitive activity of handball players implies the possession of a whole system of motor actions (techniques) that ensure the achievement of both private, momentary game goals and the overall sports result. The term "technique" means a system of movements aimed at solving the same type of game problems. The main techniques of handball include: standing, moving, catching, passing, dribbling, knocking out, throwing the ball and blocking. All this totality is united by the concept of "game technique".
The variety of game situations in which one or another technique is used determines the existence of various ways of its implementation. Each of the methods is characterized, first of all, by a relatively stable basis of the motor structure - kinematic, dynamic, rhythmic, anatomical. The kinematic structure reveals the form of movements in space and time. Dynamic - clarifies which forces and how they act at the time of the execution of the technique. The rhythmic structure expresses the dimension of the elements of a technical technique in terms of efforts in time and space. Anatomical structure - determines the nature of the interaction of the muscles involved in the performance of the reception and the mode of their work.
The very concept of "technique for performing a technique" denotes the most rational structure of movements aimed at solving a specific game task.
The classification of handball techniques is their subordinate distribution into sections and groups based on certain principles. The latter include: the affiliation of the reception (competitive activity of a field player or goalkeeper) and its orientation (for attacking or defending the goal). The general scheme for classifying handball techniques can be represented as follows (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Classification of handball techniques
2.1 Offensive technique of a fielder
Racks It is customary to consider a handball player as rational postures of the players. They serve as a kind of starting position for most of the game actions. From a significant variety of postures taken by athletes during the game, the stands of the attacker and the defender are distinguished.
The attacker's main stance is characterized by legs spaced apart at a distance of 30-40 cm and slightly bent at the knee joints. Moreover, one leg is put forward and its heel is located at the level of the toe behind the standing one. The body is slightly inclined forward. The arms are bent at the elbow joints, the hands are in front of you at the level of the abdomen, palms inward. Head straight. The weight of the body is evenly distributed on the front part of the feet of the forelegs.
Move. to move around the court, the handball player uses walking, running, jumping. With the help of these techniques, the player chooses a place to interact with partners, frees himself from the guardianship of defenders, moves from one half of the field to the other, and prepares for a throw.
walking handball players use the usual and side steps to change positions. In the game, you have to move with your face, back forward and sideways.
Run - main means of transportation. It is necessary to be able to run both on toes and on a full foot. To achieve maximum speed, you need to accelerate on your toes, and to create a stable position for receiving the ball in motion, you need to lower yourself to a full foot. Such a run is necessary both for making a turn in order to change the direction of movement, and for beating the enemy when he gets in the way (Fig. 4).
stop after running can be done by putting one foot forward to brake, or jump up and put both feet out. In both cases, you need to bend your legs to stop the forward movement of the whole body and allow yourself to continue running in any direction.
Rice. 4. Zigzag
jumping a handball player needs both for catching high and far flying balls, and when passing the ball, and when throwing it into the goal. You can push off with one or two legs, depending on the need.
2.2 Possession of the ball
Catching the ball. You can catch the ball with one or two hands. All actions in the game are possible only if you have firmly mastered the ball. Sometimes the efforts of the players of the whole team are wasted when the player did not catch the ball, and he went to the opponent because of this.
Rice. 5. Catching the ball when catching with two hands
Fishing with two hands a ball flying towards at an average level (on the chest) is performed as follows. You need to stretch your arms to the ball, do not strain your hands and slightly turn your palms down, fingers are freely spaced (Fig. 5). As soon as the ball approaches the required distance, the palms must be brought together, grasp the ball with your fingers and pull it to the chest, bending your arms.
When catching a high-flying ball and a ball that has bounced off the platform, the thumbs need to be brought closer together a little more than when catching a straight one. And when catching the ball, flying low and rolling around the court, turn your palms towards the ball so that the little fingers almost touch.
If the ball flies from the side, then you do not need to turn your whole body towards it. It is necessary to stretch your arms in the direction of the flying ball, without turning the pelvis, but only slightly turning the shoulders and head. This will help to maintain the pace of movement, a good view of the court and a quick transfer of the ball to the other side.
For all methods of fishing, observe the following:
2) stretch your arms towards the ball;
3) move towards the ball;
4) keep your hands and fingers relaxed until they touch the ball;
5) grab the ball with your fingers, not your palms;
6) after grabbing the ball, bend your arms to absorb the impact;
7) after catching the ball, be ready to cover it from a close opponent.
Passing the ball - this is the main technique that ensures the interaction of partners. To pass the ball, you need to swing and disperse the ball towards the partner.
Swing is the movement of the hand with the ball up back or sideways back for the subsequent acceleration of the ball forward. In this case, it is important that you hold the ball in one hand with a finger grip or without a grip. If you hold the ball, firmly grasping it with your fingers, you can swing it behind your head, behind your back, in front of you in any direction. And this will increase the choice of the direction of transmission and the duration of the swing.
The degree of rotation of the torso during the backswing depends on how much effort you need to send the ball. For a long distance - a significant turn of the body and the arm is almost straight at the end of the swing; to the nearest - you can do it without turning.
Handball players pass the ball mainly with one hand from a place and from a running start.
If the ball is passed from a place, then the opposite leg should be put forward (if with the right hand, then the left leg) and the transfer will take place in support of two legs (two support position). You can run up with the ball in your hands, but you are allowed to take no more than three steps. Depending on what steps were in the run-up, the transmission can be in a single-support and two-support position. Detailed description take-off methods are presented in the "Throw" section.
Sometimes the ball is passed in a jump. To do this, at the moment of repulsion, a swing is made, and when the player is in the air, a pass is made.
On the trajectory of the ball, the pass in any way can be straight, hinged and rebound. With a straight trajectory, the ball flies the shortest distance to the partner. The hinged trajectory of the ball can be given by directing it forward - up. For a correct bounce, the ball must be sent into the court so that it bounces at the level of the partner's belt, taking into account his speed of movement. It is best to aim for the ball to hit at a distance of about 1.5 meters from the partner's feet.
Dribbling - This is a technique that allows you to move with the ball around the court in any direction and for any distance. Leading is single-hit and multi-hit.
One hit dribble is performed as follows: after catching the ball, the player can take three steps with it in his hands, then sends it to the surface of the site. Having caught the ball bouncing off the court, the handball player can again take three steps before sending it to a partner or throwing it into the goal.
Multi-hit dribble performed somewhat differently. Having caught the ball, the player takes three steps, then sends it to the surface of the court, but does not catch it, but continues to perform successive pushes of the ball into the court with the fingers of one hand. The push must be done by quickly pressing the ball from above (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Multi-hit dribbling
To change the direction of movement, you need to change the place where the ball touches. To send the ball forward, you need to push the ball a little behind. To advance to the left, the fingers must touch the ball on the right, and so on. A player can perform as many such pushes as he likes, but, having caught the ball, he can take only three steps with it in his hands, then pass it to a partner or throw it into the goal.
With all methods of conducting, the following rules must be observed:
1) move on a full foot on slightly bent legs;
2) push the ball with your fingers;
3) do not enslave the hand when in contact with the ball;
4) make a push so that the ball bounces no higher than the waist;
5) control the ball with peripheral vision.
ball throw - This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal, to achieve the result of the game. All other techniques are necessary to create conditions for a throw. When studying each technique and especially the throw, it is important to consider it in phases. Moreover, the main attention must be concentrated first on the main phase of the movement, and only then on the details and variety of the preparatory phase.
It is customary to allocate throws in a support position, in a jump and in a fall. But in order to master any of the above movements, you need to understand how the ball accelerates.
When swinging, the handball player must take the arm back so that its main muscles are stretched and tense, which increases the traction of the muscles with the next movement of the arm forward. For this, the swing up and back is best suited. With the reverse movement of the hand forward, the ball accelerates.
The arm consists of several links: shoulder, forearm, hand. The sequence in which these links move forward determines the "strength" of the throw, or rather the speed with which the ball flies out of the hand. It is important that the shoulder is first in front (this means that the arm moves forward with the elbow), then the forearm, and at the end the hand. When the mass of the arm decreases (after all, the shoulder and forearm stop sequentially), the speed of movement of the hand with the ball increases many times over.
The ball leaves the arm when it is almost straight up over the head (top throw) or to the side of the body (side throw). The trajectory of the flight of the ball into the goal can be different. You can send the ball directly into the goal, or you can first into the court so that it hits the goal from the rebound.
The ball can be sent directly into the goal along four trajectories: a) hinged, b) descending, c) horizontal, d) ascending.
You can send the ball first into the area in front of the goal so that it bounces off it and flies into the goal. Depending on how it hits the floor, the rebound can be of three types: a) reflected, b) sliding, c) with rotation.
If you hit the ball hard into the court from top to bottom, you get a high rebound (as if reflected). In this case, you need to aim at the site at 1-1.5 meters from the goal line. If you, accelerating the ball from the side, release it at a level below the waist and send it to the court, then the ball will slip past the goalkeeper (sliding rebound). In this case, you need to aim as close to the bar as possible. It is possible to twist the ball at the end of acceleration by penetrating or supening the palm. Then the rebound will turn out with the rotation of the ball, that is, after the rebound it will change direction.
Throw in the pivot position. A throw in a support position in handball can be done from a spot, but more often it is still performed from a running start, which has several varieties and significantly affects the technique for performing this technique. A run is no more than three steps with the ball in hand.
The last step in the run can be normal and stopping.
Rice. 7. Shot with a running start with normal steps when accelerating the ball in a single-support position
In this regard, the throw is performed relying on one (Fig. 7) or both legs (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Shot with a run with a cross step with the acceleration of the ball in a two-point position
To throw the ball when overclocking occurs in single position, the run is carried out with normal steps. You need to start the run in three steps from the right foot. Step right, then left, holding the ball in two or one hand, then right again and at this moment you need to swing. With this take-off and swinging the ball back and dispersing the ball forward, it is carried out relying on one right leg. To increase the speed and accuracy of the throw at the end of the acceleration of the ball, you need to sharply bring your left foot forward, as if towards your right hand, in order to use the oncoming pair of forces. Gradually, you need to throw, after catching the ball, take a two-step run, and then just one step.
To shoot when the ball is running in two positions, thanks to the stopping last step in the run-up, you need to firmly lean with both feet on the surface of the site and, which is very important, slow down the forward movement of the body.
Three step run with cross second step starts with the left foot. Then, turning sideways to the direction of movement, step with the right and swing, and then quickly set the left foot and start accelerating the ball forward (Fig. 6). The first step should be done calmly, you can hold the ball in two hands. But the second and third very quickly one after another, almost together, not forgetting to swing. As soon as the left foot is in front and touches the ground (two support position), the ball starts to accelerate and the throw is completed.
When throwing with a stop last step, the following rules must be observed:
1. The movement of the legs in the run-up should be ahead of the movement of the shoulder girdle, it is necessary to slightly tilt the shoulders.
2. It is necessary to choose the optimal take-off speed, and not the maximum one, in order to have time to complete all the necessary preparatory movements to disperse the ball (put your feet firmly, swing wide).
3. It is necessary to observe the rhythm of the run: slow first step and fast second and third steps.
4. It is necessary to sharply and consistently slow down the movements of the legs, pelvis, torso, elbow. This will allow you to consistently transfer the amount of movement accumulated in the run-up from the lower to the upper parts of the body and to the hand with the ball.
5. It is necessary to complete the throw by straightening the left supporting leg when the left leg, torso and hand with the ball come close to the vertical.
Jump shot. The jump shot is used in cases where it is necessary to quickly get away from guardianship, to exclude blocking by sending the ball over the hands of the defenders, to reduce the distance to the goal, to increase the angle of the throw in relation to the goal.
A handball player spends less time preparing a jump shot than a throw in a pivot position. The run-ups during this throw are the same, but they have a different task - to increase the height and length of the jump. In flight, you need to perform preparatory movements to maintain an upright position. Otherwise, the throw simply will not take place.
Putting the right foot on the platform, even before repulsion, you need to sharply raise the bent left forward - up (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Jump Shot Technique
Starting to accelerate the ball forward, the right fly leg should be lowered down - back, and the supporting left leg should be put forward in order to land on it. First, the efforts of the leg are developed in opposite directions (swing forward, pushing back), then the swing leg (falls down) and the supporting leg (puts forward), and, finally, the counter movement of the throwing arm and the supporting leg, which is put forward for landing. Counter forces are created, which balance the player in an unsupported position. The main thing is to ensure that the main acceleration of the ball falls on the period of completion of the movement with the legs.
Drop shot. This roll is used to instantly evade a defender who is in close proximity. Often the throw is performed without any run-up. Very important here is the fall itself before the player swings (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Drop throw technique with landing on hands
This is what the defense is about. After all, the fall can be performed while facing, sideways and even with your back to the gate.
The degree of tilt of the body during the fall before the swing depends entirely on the skill of the player. The swing must be done sharply, with a turn in the direction of the throwing hand, so that, bending over, increase the path of the ball's acceleration, it is better to see and beat the goalkeeper. Basically, the swing is performed up and back, and the ball is thrown from above.
The most important thing in this throw is the ability to land. It can be done in several ways.
1. Landing on hands. Having sent the ball in the right direction, the handball player falls first on the free hand, and then on the thrower. All the weight of the body falls on the hands. Some players, after landing on their hands, bend them, lower them along the body and slide along the platform on the chest. Some, on the contrary, do not bend their arms, but do a somersault - a roll over their shoulder.
2. Landing on the leg and hands. After pushing off, the supporting leg can be brought forward. After the ball is released, the landing first goes to the outside of the foot of the left foot, and then to the hands, which softens the blow with the hands.
3. Landing on the body. It is necessary when falling to the side, when you need to beat the defender. Pushing off with the foot of the same name, first the landing goes to the thigh, then to the side and, finally, to the back.
free throw. This throw is performed only from a place. In this case, one supporting leg must not be torn off before the ball is released. It is possible to perform a throw while remaining upright and followed by a fall.
From a stand with one foot in front or after a step back, you can perform a normal throw from a place, accelerating the ball in two support positions.
From a stand on one left leg, you need to swing with your right hand and at the same time swing your right leg forward, bent at the knee. Accelerating the ball, you need to balance yourself with a swing of your right foot down backwards.
From a stand on one or two feet, you can perform a drop throw, but make sure that the foot leaves the support after the ball is released.
2.3 Field player defense technique
Movement technique. Defending their goal by all permitted means, the defenders must move quickly around the court, suddenly changing pace and direction. To successfully perform the function of a defender, each player must master rack.
Rack it is needed with a large area of support and on slightly bent legs, for quick movement in defense, and looks like this: the forearm of the arm of the same name with the front leg is directed forward, the hand is unbent with the palm forward and down. The other hand is also bent at the elbow joint, set aside, the forearm is directed forward and upward, palm forward, fingers slightly apart. The hand is at the level of the head. Depending on the circumstances, fielders use left-handed (left foot forward) or right-handed stances.
Forwards in handball act assertively, go to the gate at high speed. Therefore, defenders have to constantly substitute their body instead of an obstacle. In handball, it is allowed to get in the way of any player, and even rest against him with his hands. Only in this case it is impossible to make an oncoming movement and repel the opponent.
Technique of countering and mastering the ball. Blocking player - it is an obstruction to the path of the attacking player. You need to quickly approach him and stand in front of him so that he cannot go to the side. At the same time, you can come into contact with him with your chest, push him back, excluding the possibility of interacting with partners.
If the attacker is with the ball, then you must not only push him back, but also make sure that he does not pass the ball into a convenient position for another attacker. And for this, with your near hand, you must try to block the hand with the ball of the opponent. To do this, you can simply rest against it or against the shoulder, depriving the attacker of the opportunity to pass the ball and even more so to throw it into the goal.
In order for the player to not be able to go past to the side, the other hand can be placed on his chest, on the other shoulder, or simply kept tense to the side. If he moves past, then the exposed hand will be an obstacle. Just don't grab it with your hand. This is already a mistake.
ball blocking- This is an obstruction to the path of the ball. First of all, you need to determine the direction of the ball's flight. Next, you must immediately raise your hand or both hands and put a barrier out of them. It is important that the hands at the moment of contact with the ball are tense, it is necessary to make an oncoming movement with the hands. The hands must be especially tense to withstand the impact of the ball. Fingers must be closed to strengthen the barrier and not get injured.
kicking the ball - not an easy move. The task of the defender is not only to block the path of the ball, but it is equally important to take possession of it. If a player holds the ball in his hands, then it cannot be knocked out. But you can hit the ball when the attacker lowers it into the surface of the court while dribbling. Approaching the distance from which you can reach the ball bouncing off the court, the player must extend his hand and hit the ball with his fingers (Fig. 9). The bat can be played from the front, side or back and is done with an open hand while the ball is between the attacker's hand and the court. It is best to plan in advance where to send the ball. Naturally, where the partner is located.
2.4 Goalkeeper technique
Movement technique . Do not miss the ball into the goal and organize a counterattack - Here are the main tasks of the goalkeeper. His technique is unique, it has absorbed all the possible movements that he is able to use as an obstacle to the ball.
The main movements of the goalkeeper are smooth movements in the goal to select position, fast movements, jumping, jerking and lunging, speeding up, deceiving and holding the ball, swinging arms and legs, catching and passing the ball.
Rack . In the game of the goalkeeper, the stance takes on special significance. After all, protecting the gate, he has to react to a flying ball, having only a fraction of a second left. And for this, he needs to put his legs and arms to the flying ball very quickly. The stand ready helps. Meeting the ball at the center of the gate, the goalkeeper cannot afford to stand on a full foot. He needs to take a position on bent legs at an angle of 160-170 degrees, conveniently spaced 30-40 cm. The weight of the body should be evenly distributed on both legs, relying on the forefoot. Spread your arms slightly bent to the sides, turn your palms forward. This is the position of the goalkeeper when he is in the center of the goal and is preparing to repel the balls thrown from the central positions (Fig. 12).
To deflect balls thrown from extreme positions, you need to take a different stance. Here the goalkeeper, being at the corresponding direction of attack of the attacking bar, can stand on straight legs, the weight of the body is more on the leg closest to the bar, the arm closest to the bar must be raised up, slightly bent, the palm should be placed above the head, the far slightly bent arm should be taken to side (Fig. 13).
The goalkeeper in the field and in the goalkeeper's area moves in the same way as the players in the field. But at the gate his movements are special.
The goalkeeper needs to take such a position in the goal in order to block the spaces as much as possible. To do this, he needs to move with side steps from the bar to the bar along an imaginary arc, which in the center is 1 m away from the goal line.
Ball retention technique . Holding the ball - this is a technique that allows the goalkeeper to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker throws.
You can hold the ball with one or two hands, even with one or two legs, with your torso. The ball flying at the level of the knees and below, and sometimes at the level of the waist, the goalkeeper holds with his feet, the upper and side - with his hands, the ball flying directly at the goalkeeper, with his shoulder, torso or both hands.
two feet you can stop the ball flying at your feet. To do this, you need to jump forward on straight legs along the surface of the site for a distance of up to 1 meter, close your feet, put them under the ball and tell it the opposite direction of movement.
Rice. 14. Sweeping the ball
One foot The ball can be held in several ways. If the ball flies at knee level, then a swing or lunge hold should be applied. If he flies very low and close to the bar, then it is quite reasonable to hold him in the split.
holding back the ball stroke, The goalkeeper starts the movement by abducting the hip, the lower leg is slightly behind. Simultaneously pushes off with the other leg in the same direction. It is necessary to calculate the force of the push in such a way that the ball can be received by the inside of the foot, while maintaining the vertical position of the torso. It is better if one or two hands will insure the rebound of the ball from the foot (Fig. 14).
Holding the ball in a lunge produced quite frequently. To do this, you need to quickly place your foot, blocking the path of the ball, so that the lower leg is almost perpendicular to the surface of the site (Fig. 15). Turn the foot perpendicular to the direction of the ball flight. Take the ball on any part of the foot or lower leg. Depending on the width of the lunge, keep the torso vertical or oblique towards the lunge.
Application twine allows you to stop balls flying into the lower corners of the goal. It is necessary to reflect the ball with an outstretched leg, any part of it. Using a good stretch, you can do a full split, if there is not enough flexibility, you can hold the ball in a "half split" based on one knee (fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Holding the ball in the split
two hands holding the ball can be done by placing hands above and below. Taking the ball at the top, the goalkeeper blocks the ball's path with closed hands with palms turned forward, and from below the ball is taken on any part of the arms, tensely straightened down.
With one hand the ball can be held from above, from below, from the side, depending on the position of the hand at the time of meeting with the ball. The reception is performed on the spot or with movement, most often with a jump in the direction of the ball's flight. Pushing off with the foot farthest from the ball, the near one swings in the direction of movement, which contributes to the fastest movement.
You can receive the ball with any part of your hand. At the same time, it is very important where you decide to send the ball: leave it in the court or beat it out of the goal. If it is possible to leave the ball near you in the goalkeeper's area, the ball must be directed to the surface of the site by turning the palm down - inward, and if you are not sure that the ball can be kept near you, or it flies high enough, you need to hit it out of the goal.
Sometimes the ball flies into the goal hinged trajectory. To stop such a ball flying behind the goalkeeper, you need to turn about 90 degrees, take a wide step behind the flying ball and hit it with one hand in a jump, best with your fist .
3. Game tactics
Among the leading structural components of the training of handball players is the tactics of the game. Moreover, with the growth of sports qualifications, the importance of tactical literacy for the successful conduct of competitive struggle increases significantly. However, it is this section of handball, due to its particular complexity and versatility, that is considered the least developed up to the present time. First of all, attention is drawn to the numerous existing definitions of the concept itself. tactics and a very wide range of interpretation of its meaning. It seems to us the most rational to consider handball tactics as a section of game theory that characterizes the probability of achieving the desired result with different lines of behavior in specific conditions. Simply put, this is a system of special knowledge about the patterns of wrestling. The content of the regularities themselves is causal relationships between the specific characteristics of competitive situations and the possible lines of behavior of the players.
The main practical elements of tactics are:
1. Variants of competitive actions, due to the logic of wrestling;
2. Ways of rational distribution of forces during the match;
3. Methods of psychological influence on the opponent and disguise of true intentions.
In the most tactical action, it is customary to distinguish three phases:
1. Perception and analysis of the game situation;
2. Mental solution of a tactical problem;
3. Motor implementation of the motor solution.
The classification of handball tactics is based on the degree of complexity and scale of game actions, as well as their affiliation and target orientation. In general terms, it can be represented by the following scheme (Fig. 17). It should be noted that both group and team tactics of both attack and defense are based on the coordinated actions of individual athletes, i.e. contain individual actions that are fundamental.
Rice. 17. General classification scheme of handball tactics
3.1 Offensive tactics of a fielder
Attack is the main and most active type of tactical action. In an attack, the ability to orientate is especially important, because. the player, when in possession of the ball, is constantly opposed by both the defender and the goalkeeper.
individual actions. Field player's individual actions - attackers assume the ability not only to correctly choose the appropriate position on the court, the beginning and direction of the attack, but also the choice of a technique or combination of techniques and their application in a given game situation.
Application of passing the ball . The rules for applying the transfer are to take into account some game situations. Be sure to take into account the position of the partner, the speed and direction of his movement, the proximity of the marking player, atmospheric conditions. In strong winds, for example, do not use long-range gears, when the surface of the platform is wet, do not use bounce gears, etc.
Transfers can be divided into progressive, accompanying and counter. In translational passes, the ball is passed from partner to partner, regardless of whether they are both in place or in parallel motion. With oncoming passes, the ball goes to the partner moving towards the meeting. With accompanying - the ball catches up with the partner.
Application of dribbling . You should use dribbling, without fail setting yourself the specific task of using this technique: circle the defender and attack the goal; using the dribble, get as close as possible to the goalkeeper's area for the final shot; get several defenders to mark themselves, in order to then give the ball to complete the attack to an unmarked partner.
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abstract, added 03/19/2009
The initial stage of learning to play handball. Technique and tactics of the game. Efficiency primary education technique. Ensuring detailed visibility of the implementation of techniques. The method of using educational and methodical cartoon to study the technique of passing the ball.
abstract, added 03/19/2009
The history of the development of basketball in the world and in Belarus. Rules of the game and methods of refereeing. Classification of offensive and defensive techniques in basketball. Methods of teaching the technique of movement, varieties of running in the attack, the technique of catching and passing the ball on the spot.
tutorial, added 02/27/2011
Studying the history of handball. Methods of teaching the technique and tactics of handball. Content, tasks of studying the discipline. Independent work. Requirements for students to fulfill practical standards. Educational practice. Test and examination requirements.
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The effectiveness of the goalkeeper's technical training process through the use of specialized means of training the game technique. Classification of technical methods of the game of the goalkeeper. Features of teaching the technique of catching, transferring the ball, beating with fists.
abstract, added 12/27/2011
The first volleyball match. Volleyball court dimensions. Techniques of the game: giving the ball, receiving and passing, attacking blow, blocking. The main stages of learning the game. Rules for scoring points and determining the winning team.
presentation, added 04/30/2014
general characteristics systems of formation and development of players. Review of the main means of their education and training. Methods of teaching and coaching a football team. Features of the technique of the field player and goalkeeper. The specificity and role of tactical construction.
abstract, added 02/19/2012
Basic exercises for practicing defense and attack. Combinations of zone defense systems in basketball. Offside zone defense. Possession of the ball in the fight for the rebound at his shield. The relationship between the skills of the game technique and the physical qualities of a basketball player.
The most important tactical task of an attack in handball is to overcome the middle field as quickly as possible and transfer the game to the opponent's defense field. At the gate, the opponents' ability to defend is sharply limited: after all, there can be no more than six defense players here.
Going on the offensive is most convenient when repelling an enemy attack, at a time when the defenders manage to suddenly grab the ball from the opponents. This should be the beginning of the counteroffensive. Developing it, it is necessary to achieve numerical superiority at the opponent's goal, destroy his defense and make a throw at the goal from a convenient position.
Five or six players are directly involved in the attack: four attackers and one or two midfield players. When attacked by five players, the defenders are alternately connected to the attack of the goal. The rest of the players support the attackers by advancing to the opponent's defense field. If the attack is carried out by six players, midfielders and defenders are connected to it.
Such an organization of the offensive is associated with some risk, but this risk is minimized if all the players on the team are versatile and able to switch flexibly from attack to defense.
When making a breakthrough, the ball must first be passed to the players who support the attack, and then without delay to the players heading to the first line, in the direction where the attack develops more successfully. In the final stage of the attack, the ball is passed to the player who is free in front of the goal. This player makes the final throw.
For passage to the gate, it is advisable to use the so-called corridor (p and p. I). This corridor is formed by the tactical movements of the attackers, dragging the opponents with them. Five attackers move forward. During the attack, players 8 and 9 move to the right, players 7, 10 and 11 move to the left half of the goal area, with a triple exchange of places. A gap is formed between players 9 and 10 - the same corridor into which player 5 passes. Having received the ball, this player can successfully attack the goal.
Organizing a breakthrough (after the transition from defense to attack), it is necessary, without wasting time, to pass the ball more often, without abusing it. Any delay of the ball is in the hands of the opponents. The players of the team that lost the ball have time to return to the rear and eliminate the threat to the goal.
How to act when approaching the enemy's goal, if he has a numerical superiority in this part of the field? The cross movement of players on the flank has a big effect. On fig. 2. shows how it's done. Player 10 moves forward-left. At this time, player 11 moves quickly along the left edge, and then changes direction and rushes sharply towards the center of the goal area. Having received the 7th ball from the player, he throws it into the goal.
In order to prevent opponents from counteracting the attacker (or at least limit their capabilities), attacking teams often use so-called barriers. There are several options for such barriers. Let's talk about two typical options.
First option. Players 10 and 11 run level in the direction of the opponent's goal (p and p. 3). As they run, they pass the ball to each other. Then attacker 10 heads towards the defender 3 covering him, and player 11 pins down his "guard" 2. Player 11 covers close, and his partner 10 - from a distance. Two meters from his "guard *" attacker 10 makes a distracting movement to the right. Player 11 also moves in this direction, bumping into defender 3 and dragging defender 2 with him. Player 10 immediately rushes to the left, receives the ball from partner 11 and without much interference enters a convenient position for a shot on goal.Both defenders at this moment find themselves blocked by player 11 .
Second option. The attack proceeds in the same way as in the first variant, with the only difference that player 10 receives the ball at the moment when he, being against his opponent 3, makes a distracting movement. In this case, the barrier is used by player 11, and attacker 10 runs behind him and freely enters the position for a shot on goal.
A few words about the tactical features of an offensive against an organized defense.
If the players of the defending team managed to return to their goal in time and the breakthrough failed, the attackers have to fight against the organized defense. In this case, the team should try to create an advantageous position for one of the attackers to shoot at the goal with friendly tactical actions.
For better coordination of actions against organized defense, three attack systems are most often used: 4 + 2, 5 + 1 and 4 + 1.
Characteristic of these three systems is the location of the attacking players in a wide front covering the entire field adjacent to the penalty area.
Attacking in a 4 + 2 system, four players (p and p. 4) are closer to the goal area, and their two partners are somewhat behind. The active actions of the four players of the first line, who are supported by the players of the second line, must destroy the defense of the enemy. At the same time, the sudden exit of the players of the second line forward, to the gate, for the final attack throw is not ruled out.
This system of attack is used most often when the enemy uses personal defense or when the opponent's players are able to quickly move from defense to offense.
5 + 1 attack system shown in figure 5. Five players (forwards and midfielder) are in the first line - at the goal area, and one - a little further. First line players are actively involved in the attack. They are supported by the second line player. He plays the role of a kind of liaison between the left or right flank of the attack, and at the right moment he suddenly comes forward for the final shot on goal. His partner - one of the players in the first line - immediately retreats back to the defense. When the ball is lost, the player of the second line immediately retreats to protect his goal.
This the attacking system is used in the fight against the zone defense, as well as if the opponents do not have superiority in running speed.
Other tactical actions are also suitable for destroying the enemy's defense and completing the attack. They are very varied. Here and the exits of the attackers from under the guardianship of the enemy to a free place, and the exchange of places with partners, and exits into the corridors, throws from closed positions, barriers and much more.
Any tactic is good as long as it is applied rationally.- at the most favorable moment, with a sober consideration of the current game situation. Take, for example, such a tactic as the exchange of places. As a rule, players should strictly adhere to their places in the attack, not to be placed close to each other, to clear the way for a partner moving towards the goal. But when in the course of the game it becomes profitable for the team to exchange places, it is best to change places to neighboring players or through one.
It is highly expedient to combine the exchange of places with the use of barriers. How it's done? The player, while dribbling, draws the guarding opponent to him (p and p. 6). By his actions, he creates the impression that he is attacking the gate, thereby dragging his “watchman *” with him. Then he suddenly uses a fence against another defender guarding a partner and passes the ball to the latter. The player released from custody goes to the gate and makes the final throw.
If the players in the first line of attack have not been able to break through the defense and succeed, then they should try to bring in the players of the second line in the attack. To do this, they form a corridor into which their partner from the second line suddenly enters and makes a throw at the goal (p and p. 7).
You can also create an advantageous position for one of the attackers for the final shot at the goal with such a tactic as a stroke. However, breaking through with a defender's dribble is most effectively done in close cooperation with all the players on the team. For example, one of the attackers circles the opponent. As soon as this attacker gets under tight marking, he will immediately pass the ball to a free partner, who, in turn, will start a rapid advance.
Often during the attack, players throw the ball into the goal from closed positions. This is most often practiced when the opponent switches to zone defense. Shots from closed positions can encourage opponents to move forward from the goal area, and this creates favorable conditions for a breakthrough from the flanks.
About the so-called free throw at the gate. To direct the ball into the goal directly from a free throw should be in the event that the opponent did not have time put up a wall or when there are gaps in it. In all other cases, it is more expedient to use a combined attack. How it's done? Two attackers are located at the line of free throws in three or four meters from each other. One of them has a ball. The third player takes a position between these two attackers, at a distance of one to two meters from the free throw line. The remaining partners are on the left and right along the goal area (six meters from it).
This arrangement allows you to carry out various options for attacking the gate. For example, player 5 passes the ball to partner 10 and moves forward together with attacker 7. Both of them use a fence against the opponents who have formed a "wall" (p and p. 8), in order to prevent them from approaching player 10, who runs the ball into the goal.
Another attack option with the same arrangement. Player 8 passes the ball to striker b and, together with partner 9, moves forward to the goal area line. Here both players take up positions to the left and right of the defenders who form the "wall*" (p and p. 9). At the same time, player 6 moves towards the goal with the ball and, imitating a throw, diverts the attention of the defender. After that, he passes the ball to partner 8 for the final throw.
Third option. Forward 10 passes the ball to partner 7 and, together with player 5, moves forward towards the defenders who have formed a “wall” (p and p. 10). Player 7 with the ball rushes to the goal diagonally to the right. At this point, attacker 9 crosses, receives the ball, moves towards the goal and completes the attack with a throw.
These are some of the tactical features of an attack in handball. Of course, we must not forget that the tactical armament of handball teams is directly dependent on the level of technical and general physical fitness of the players. Team members are able to successfully carry out this or that tactical combination, if it is within their power. It may be difficult to prepare all the players of the team so that they have the same high technical and physical qualities. However, it is simply necessary to have two or three players in teams who have high speed (running, say, 100 m in 11.0-11.2), as well as throwing the ball well into the goal with their left hand and having strong throws from 20-25 meters.
Associate Professor E. IVAKHIN, Honored Master of Sports
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