What not to do with allergies. How to treat allergies in all effective ways

Allergy is one of the most common and at the same time dangerous pathologies. According to medical statistics, about 40% of the world's population suffers from the disease. The risk of disease is very high, since modern products, from food to clothing, are crammed with a large amount of chemicals and synthetic materials.

Several allergens can be found in every home. It can be a pet, dust, cosmetics. This disease requires immediate treatment. Ignoring the manifestations of an allergic reaction is fraught with dire consequences, in particular death. Timely and competently rendered first aid can save a person's life. Let's talk about how to act during an attack.

Allergy is a specific reaction of the body to the most common substances: rubble chemicals, wool, cosmetics, dust, products. In most people, these substances do not provoke the appearance of an allergy or any reaction of the body. Read more about the disease.

There are many varieties of pathology: for dust, for medicines, for insect bites. Manifestations of the disease can be mild, characterized by limited urticaria, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and severe, accompanied by anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema and generalized urticaria. An allergy that occurs in a severe form poses a real threat to human health and life, therefore it requires an ambulance.

Symptoms of the disease can be very different, sometimes there is one or two manifestations, and sometimes a whole complex. Allergy sufferers who are faced with such manifestations need help, both pre-medical and medical:

respiratory failure and shortness of breath;
spasms in the throat;
a feeling of closing the airways;
nausea and vomiting;
painful sensations in the abdomen;
hoarseness, speech problems;
swelling, redness of the dermis, itching;
malaise;
pre-fainting and fainting state;
increased heart rate and palpitations.

Every person should know how and be able to provide an ambulance to an allergic person. Being at the right time and in the right place, and knowing how to help the victim, you can save his life and protect him from the development of complications.

Help the patient with a mild form of the disease

Limited urticaria is characterized by lesions of the mucous membranes and dermis, allergic conjunctivitis - by lesions of the conjunctiva, rhinitis - by the nasal mucosa. Pathology, which occurs in a mild form, is accompanied by: mild itching, lacrimation, unexpressed redness of the dermis in contact with the allergen, slight swelling and swelling, runny nose and nasal congestion, sneezing, blistering in the area of an insect bite.

When such symptoms appear, it is necessary to provide assistance to the patient. The algorithm of actions is the following.

Rinse thoroughly with warm water the area of contact with the irritant: skin, mouth, nasal cavity.
Avoid contact with the allergen.
If the attack started due to an insect sting, such as a wasp or bee, carefully remove the sting.
Apply a cool compress to the affected area.
Give the victim an antiallergic agent: Zyrtec, Loratadine, or Telfast.

If the patient's condition worsens, call a doctor or take him to a medical facility on his own.

Procedure for severe reactions: angioedema, urticaria, anaphylaxis, severe rash

Acute forms of the disease are accompanied by very specific symptoms that require immediate assistance and urgent medical attention.

- a very dangerous disease, characterized by spasm of the respiratory muscles. Untimely assistance, as well as its absence, is fraught with a fatal outcome due to suffocation. If an allergic person has breathing problems, hoarseness and coughing, asphyxia, an epileptic seizure, swelling of the dermis, it is necessary to begin to act.

Call a doctor.
Stop intake or contact with the irritating substance.
Give an allergy sufferer an antiallergic (Loratadine, Cetirizine) or enter Diphenhydramine or Suprastin intramuscularly.
Give the victim a sorbent: activated charcoal, Smecta or Enterosgel. You can also do an enema.

Anaphylactic shock is accompanied by a sharp decrease in blood pressure, skin rash, intense itching, swelling of the extremities, lips and eyes, narrowing, swelling and spasm of the airways, nausea and vomiting, feeling of a lump in the throat, malaise, fainting.

If the necessary medicines are not at hand, rinse the stomach and perform a cleansing procedure, then give the sorbent. Lubricate the skin at the site of contact with the irritant with Hydrocortisone or Prednisolone. The algorithm of actions for anaphylaxis should be as follows.

Call a doctor.
Stop access to and contact with the allergen.
Lay the patient in such a way as to prevent retraction of the tongue and ingestion of vomit.
Apply a tourniquet or use an antiallergic medication above the insect bite site.
Enter intramuscularly or intravenously Noradrenaline, Adrenaline or Mezaton.
Enter intravenously Prednisolone with glucose solution.
After stabilization of the pressure, an antihistamine should be administered intramuscularly.

Generalized urticaria is a dangerous pathology characterized by the development of intoxication syndrome. The disease is accompanied by the appearance of bright pink blisters on the skin and severe itching. After a few hours, there is a blanching of the loose elements, and then their complete disappearance. Urticaria is also accompanied by malaise, headaches and fever. The course of the disease can be both continuous and undulating.

When signs of urticaria appear, the actions should be as follows.

Call an ambulance.
Stop taking the medication.
If the attack has developed due to the use of food, give the patient a sorbent, a laxative, and then flush the stomach.
If the cause of the attack is an insect bite, get rid of the source of the poison.
For contact allergies, remove the allergen from the surface of the dermis.
Enter intravenously Suprastin, Tavegil or Diphenhydramine.
With the defeat of large areas of the skin, it is necessary to enter Prednisolone intramuscularly.

A severe rash manifests itself in the form of eczema or atopic dermatitis. Eczema is characterized by severe itching. The course of pathology is long with periods of exacerbations. Dermatitis is accompanied by redness of the skin, severe swelling, blistering.

Emergency care for a severe rash should be aimed at eliminating swelling and reducing itching. For this purpose, it is necessary to moisten the affected dermis with cool water. To prevent the spread of rashes, you should protect the skin from external factors. Until the allergen is identified, topical antiallergic drugs can be used to minimize manifestations.

Sun Allergy: Procedure

Today, more and more people are being diagnosed. This is a very dangerous pathology that requires immediate ambulance. The algorithm of actions during an attack is as follows.

Call a doctor.
Try to bring the victim back to consciousness.
Make sure that the clothes do not irritate the skin.
Give the patient plenty to drink. This measure contributes to the replenishment of fluid in the body.
When the temperature rises (38 or more), apply a cold compress to the forehead. If possible, give the patient an antipyretic: Ibuprofen or Paracetamol.
If vomiting occurs, turn the patient on their side.
Before the arrival of the doctor, monitor the condition of the person.

What to do if you are allergic to an insect bite?

According to statistics, an allergic reaction to a bee or wasp sting occurs in approximately 2% of the world's population. Moreover, at the first bite, there may not be a reaction. If there is a tendency to allergies, in the event of an insect bite, anaphylactic shock may develop. In such a case, action must be taken immediately.

Call a doctor.
Before the arrival of the paramedic, remove the source of the poison.
Lay the victim down and cover.
Give him a couple of anti-allergic tablets.
If there is no swelling of the throat and tongue, give him a cup of strong tea or coffee.
Monitor the patient's condition until the ambulance arrives, check the pulse and breathing. If they are absent, carry out resuscitation measures - chest compressions and artificial respiration.

Reaction to food

Today I am diagnosing more and more. And this is not surprising, because almost everything we eat is stuffed with all sorts of additives, flavor enhancers, chemistry. If an allergic reaction occurs:

call a doctor;
give the victim a sorbent;
give an antihistamine: Loratadine, Desloratadine, Cetirizine;
with a pronounced lesion of the dermis - the appearance of a rash and itching, the use of first-generation antihistamines - Suprastin is indicated;
if the course of the disease is severe, give him Dexamethasone or Prednisolone;
to eliminate the rash, use Fenistil, Bepanten;
V difficult cases you can use a hormonal drug: Hydrocortisone or Prednisolone ointment.

Features of emergency care for a child

Manifestations of allergies in an adult and a child are practically no different. Assistance to the child should be provided as quickly and correctly as possible. Do not panic, get together and start acting.

Call an ambulance.
Have the child sit down (this position facilitates breathing).
In case of fainting, put him to bed, and if nausea occurs, turn the child's head to the side.
Give the small patient an antihistamine in the form of syrup, tablets, or capsules. If he cannot swallow or is unconscious, crush the tablet, mix with water and pour into his mouth.
Monitor your pulse and breathing, and if they are absent, start resuscitation.

Allergy first aid kit: what should be in it

In the first aid kit of a person who has a tendency to develop an allergic reaction, there should always be drugs that help relieve an attack and minimize the manifestations of the disease.

General antihistamines: Loratadine, Cetirizine.
Antiallergic agents for topical use: Hydrocortisone ointment, Elocom.
Hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs: Prednisolone.

Those who have experienced anaphylactic shock at least once in their lives should always have a syringe with Adrenaline with them.

What not to do: 5 "not"

In the event of an attack, it is important to provide assistance to the victim in a timely manner and as correctly as possible. Any delay, as well as an incorrect, thoughtless action, can cost the patient his life. Therefore, in the event of an emergency:

do not leave an allergic person alone for a minute;
do not give him food;
do not put rollers, things or any other objects under your head, as this can cause increased respiratory failure;
do not give drugs that help eliminate heat during fever;
do not remove the needle from the vein if a reaction has developed to the medication. In this case, simply stop the administration of the drug. Use the needle in the vein to administer the allergy medicine.

Timely and correctly provided assistance to an allergic person helps to save his life. Therefore, if someone had an attack in your presence, and all the symptoms indicate an allergy - a decrease in pressure, severe rash and itching, respiratory failure, immediately begin to take action.

Some experts in the field of medicine call a kind of epidemic of the XXI century. Moreover, the number of people suffering from various allergic reactions in prosperous countries far exceeds developing ones.

The reasons for this are various and the main one is the increase in the number of potential allergens that a person encounters on a daily basis.

To clean the apartment, many people use from 3 to 5 different disinfectants, detergents, at home people give birth to various exotic animals and smelling plants, when preparing food products in factories, they add flavors, dyes and other chemical substances. All this leads to allergic reactions.

What are the signs of an allergic reaction?

An allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity immune system, which develops upon repeated contact with any allergen. Statistics show that about a quarter of all the inhabitants of the planet suffer from allergy symptoms. However, many people think that it manifests itself only as a rash on the skin, but this is far from the case.

An allergic reaction of an immediate type can be manifested by the appearance of rashes of various localization, which can be either at the site of contact with the causative allergen or on any other area of the skin. It is a blisters that visually resemble a nettle burn (hence, it got the name "").

A more severe form of an allergic reaction is Quincke's edema, in which the lips and tongue increase in size, the face swells, the lumen of the eyes and, in some cases, the larynx narrows, which leads to difficulty breathing (and sometimes complete). is an acute circulatory disorder of all organs and systems, accompanied by a drop in pressure and lack of consciousness. Without treatment, the patient may die.

In addition, a person may develop allergic diseases that last for years and force him to take special medicines during periods of exacerbation. These include allergic, and. All of them are chronic, that is, having appeared once, they haunt a person for a very long time.

Sometimes self-healing occurs, very often this applies to children who are said to "outgrow" the disease.

allergy pills

To date, the arsenal of tools that can provide first aid for is very wide. However, the most initial stage in the treatment of a person is by no means drugs, but the cessation of contact with the allergen that caused the exacerbation. Sometimes the patient just needs to leave the place where the cat lives, and he stops sneezing and coughing.

If an exacerbation develops as a result of contact with plant pollen, then it is necessary to rinse the eyes with clean water, and the nose with saline and try to isolate it from yourself, or yourself from it (as it happens). If the cause of the skin rash is a food product, then it is much more difficult to remove it, especially if it has already been absorbed through the intestinal mucosa into the blood.

The most common means of helping in this case are special allergy pills or antihistamines. They block the production of histamine, which causes the appearance of all the symptoms specific to this condition (rash, itching, swelling, discharge from the eyes and nose, etc.).

There are 3 generations of antihistamines:

First generation. It is represented by all known medicines, such as Diphenhydramine, Suprastin, Tavegil. The effect of their use comes quickly, but it does not last long (2-4 hours) and is accompanied by such side effects like drowsiness, weakness, dizziness. Ideal for first aid for allergies, but not suitable for long-term treatment.
Second generation. It includes such drugs, Claritin, Lominal, Claridol, Zodak, Fenistil, etc. They are deprived of the sedative effect that is characteristic of first-generation drugs, but with prolonged therapy they can cause complications from the heart. Requires two doses per day.
Third generation. The most modern, effective drugs, with minimal side effects and a duration of action of 24 hours. These include Suprastinex, Cetrin and others.

Each group of drugs has its pros and cons. In addition, the sensitivity to them is different for everyone, so what helped one person is not always effective for another.

In the case when an allergic reaction is not stopped by taking antihistamine tablets, then doctors prescribe a similar drug in the form of an injection (since it has higher bioavailability), or a one-three course of glucocorticosteroid drugs (prednisolone, dexamethasone). The latter cause unreasonable fears in people, sometimes people are even afraid of such therapy.

However, doctors assure: an injection of prednisolone is able to stop an acute allergic reaction, but it will not affect health in any way, will not cause weight gain, stretch marks and other unpleasant symptoms that many associate with hormones.

Ointment for allergies

Allergy ointment is used in the case when an undesirable reaction affects only the skin. It can be an allergic reaction like urticaria, contact dermatitis, exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. In any case, the rash that appears in this case torments the patient very much: it itches, itches, the skin “burns”. In this case, there are two types of therapy:

antihistamines for application to the skin (Fenistil, etc.),
glucocorticosteroid drugs (Advantan, Akriderm, Hydrocortisone, etc.).

They can be applied to the affected areas of the skin without fear of complications. They are not absorbed into the blood and do not cause side effects.

Allergy eye drops

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common disease in which a person who comes into contact with an allergen develops tearing, redness of the eyes and itching. Most often, they are brought there with their hands (for example, he stroked the cat, and then rubbed his eyes).

Therefore, the first aid for this type of allergy is to wash the eyes with clean (preferably boiled) water. Many people feel much better after this.

However, in the case when allergic conjunctivitis often exacerbates and the causative allergen cannot be established, special eye drops from allergies.

They are represented by the following types:

antihistamines in the form of eye drops (Lekrolin, Ketotifen, Opatanol, etc.).
vasoconstrictor eye drops (Vizin, Okumentil, etc.),
corticosteroid eye drops (Lotoprednol).

In this case, self-medication is unacceptable, therefore, the above drugs should be prescribed only by an ophthalmologist or an allergist.

Drops in the nose should be selected by a doctor.

nose drops for allergies

Allergic rhinitis is more common than conjunctivitis. Exacerbations are manifested by itching, sneezing, nasal discharge after contact with the allergen. At the same time, the tip of the nose is scratched by the patient so that he reflexively makes a movement characteristic of this disease: he rubs it with the inside of his palm from the bottom up. Nose drops for allergies are also of several groups of drugs:

vasoconstrictor nasal drops (Nazivin, Xilen, Naphthyzin, etc.) and antiallergic nasal drops (Vibrocil) are suitable for helping with an acute condition, since the effect of their use occurs within a few minutes,
nasal drops based on glucocorticosteroids (Nasonex) are suitable for long-term therapy aimed at reducing the allergic mood of the nasal mucosa. For the removal of acute symptoms of exacerbation of rhinitis are not suitable.

To date, the pharmaceutical industry produces many allergy medicines that allow you to take this disease under control and provide timely assistance when it worsens. However, before use, it is worth discussing important issues with the doctor, since each of them has its own contraindications and side effects.

Allergy is a chameleon disease. Either it will appear on the skin as a plaque or a rash, then it will begin its procession with a banal itch. Seasonal runny nose? Also about her. And these are just minor annoyances. And sometimes an allergy turns into a real evil monster: if he wants, he will start to choke, and if he wants, he will turn off the light of consciousness. How to resist this scourge?

It is not always possible to pacify such a chameleon, sometimes we do not even have time to administer drugs to save a person, death occurs in a matter of minutes ...

Anaphylaxis in my practice

More than ten years ago, a man with a duodenal ulcer was treated in the internal medicine department of our hospital. On the first day, Kvamatel was introduced - it seems that there was no reaction. And on the second day the patient died, literally, as they say, on the "needle". And no resuscitation saved him.

And about five years ago, a guy with a blunt abdominal injury entered my shift. An ultrasound revealed that he had a ruptured spleen and fluid in his abdomen, a condition requiring immediate surgery. With some technical difficulties, the spleen was removed, the blood loss was more than a liter. The decision was made to transfuse him with three doses of fresh frozen plasma.

The operation was successful, the surgeons, having taken off their gowns, left ... The operating sisters remained, me and the sister anesthetist. They called a gurney and were already preparing to transfer the patient to the intensive care unit. They shifted the guy who had not yet woken up, and I was about to disconnect him from the ventilator and connect him to the breathing bag, when I suddenly noticed that the skin had become unusually bluish in color. I took my blood pressure and it dropped to 80/40. They measured again - 60/0. Pulse 48 per minute.

The patient was dying. From what? There is no blood in the drainage from the abdominal cavity, his breathing does not suffer - he is on a ventilator. What's happened? Thoughts raced through my head like bullets. The sisters, with difficulty hiding their horror, were waiting for decisions from me.

Lifting the sheet, I saw red plaques on my stomach.
- Adrenaline cube fast!
The pressure is 40/0, the pulse has become arrhythmic. Solutions flowed into the vein in two rivers.
- Another cube of adrenaline! - at that moment my own adrenaline went through the roof, the guy was not even twenty years old. - Prednisolone, all that we have, quickly into the vein!

Then a total of twenty ampoules of prednisolone were administered! Five cubes of adrenaline!

The pressure finally managed to stabilize at the figures of one hundred and forty, provided that it was maintained by a constant injection of adrenaline. The guy's body was completely covered with red plaques.

The next day, the patient was weaned off the respirator. Everything ended well, he survived without any negative consequences.

Why did this happen? He had no previous manifestations of allergies. We sinned on the plasma, but who knows, because during the operation, anesthetics, hemostatic agents, and other drugs were introduced. Very often, the allergen is never detected, even on allergy tests.

Who is guilty?

So what is an allergy? This is a complex of symptoms (itching, redness, swelling, loss of consciousness, and many others) caused by a pathologically high sensitivity of the body's immune system, previously sensitized by a foreign substance (allergen). Sometimes there is an allergy to the body's own tissues, which causes severe autoimmune diseases (glomerulonephritis, rheumatism, etc.).

It is interesting that the allergy itself appeared and develops in parallel with our progress, the development of the chemical industry, and the improvement of the quality of life. The immune system began to fail, it is wrong to determine what is good and what is bad.

For the development of a true allergy, it is necessary that the human body meets and gets acquainted with a certain substance (later - the allergen). The first meeting will be harmless, but in response, antibodies will be produced in the body, and already at the next contact, these antibodies will rush to the place of contact with the allergen (antigen) and form an antigen-antibody union. There will be a release of aggressive substances (histamine, cytokines, etc.) from special cells. This will manifest itself as a runny nose, lacrimation, itching, redness, etc.

Moreover, allergens often have not only a local effect, but also affect the body as a whole. That's when trouble can happen - Quincke's edema (swelling of the upper half of the body) with suffocation (as a result of swelling of the oropharyngeal mucosa), anaphylactic shock, a sharp drop in blood pressure and death.

I will not go into the subtleties of pathogenesis, but there is also an anaphylactoid reaction. It is very similar to the classical reaction, but in the pathogenesis there is a stage when antibodies are formed in response to the initial meeting of the allergen and the person. Here, immediately in response to contact, there is a release of biological substances that trigger the reaction of the body, or excess histamine comes from food (honey, fish), which is manifested by a certain reaction of the body. But clinically everything happens identically, and the treatment is the same. Therefore, we, clinicians, do not bother with such subtleties.

Allergies are so diverse that a separate specialist, an allergist, has been appointed to treat this condition. And, of course, it is unrealistic to describe all the diversity of this disease in one article. People who are familiar with this scourge firsthand, I think, even without me already know what and how. Therefore, with your permission, I will omit such common and non-threatening symptoms as hay fever, lacrimation. And I will continue to write for those who have not yet properly dealt with allergies, but with the obligatory amendment that, if necessary, you immediately contact a specialist - to determine the allergen and undergo a specialized course of treatment.

…and what to do?

How do you know if you have an allergy on your own? Indeed, sometimes there is no specialist nearby, and we turn to the doctor when the whole body is already covered with plaques or it has become completely bad.

Most often, allergies begin to manifest themselves with minor symptoms, and if you start treatment at this stage, then it may not come to an emergency. And it can reach - because, starting with the usual diathesis, allergies sometimes develop into more formidable forms: bronchial asthma and even anaphylactic shock.

But besides I shall repeat - to the allergist it is obligatory! Only he will help you so that in the future you will not suffer from this misfortune. In particular, the allergist will explain what to do with the diet, because life, when you can’t have either spicy or smoked, but only cereals, is not life!

How can an allergy start? First of all - with an itch. They scratched there, scratched here, more often under the armpits, in the groin. Itching, of course, is not a 100% indicator. It can also itch from unwashedness, scabies, liver disease, and a lot of things. For example, if it itches often and in one place, look at the place where it was scratched, perhaps you will find the entry and exit points of the scabies mite. But if you find a rash or plaques and notice that under certain circumstances they disappear (appear at home, disappear at work), then it is most likely an allergy to something. Take an antihistamine (let's say Zyrtec), if the itching has decreased and the plaque has disappeared, it means that you are definitely allergic.

Need to be treated. How? The first step is to eliminate the allergen. And if it is not known, then you will have to go on a strict diet (the diet is posted on many sites, so I will not repeat myself). In general, during an exacerbation of an allergy, the body reacts to many possible allergens. So diet is a must!

If the allergen is plant pollen, then windows should not be opened during flowering. Ventilate the apartment after rain. After washing, you can not hang things on the street. Cleanliness in the house must be perfect.

Allergy to medicines usually manifests itself immediately and quite violently, so you should immediately cancel the new drug - a possible allergen.

Take an antihistamine to relieve symptoms(namely, histamines are released from mast cells in response to the introduction of an allergen), better than the second or third generation. These drugs are convenient, taken once a day and do not give a sedative effect.

You need to drink plenty of water, but water must be bottled, purified.(You can’t get out of the tap - there is too much nasty chemistry, to which a reaction can also begin.) Histamine and other biologically active substances responsible for allergies will leave through the kidneys with urine. Thus, you will conduct a home detox. Sorbents in this case are also good (activated carbon).

At night, you can make an injection of suprastin (allergists recommend suprastin, not chloropyramine, but if there is no suprastin, then chloropyramine will do).

If after a day or two nothing has helped, be sure to go to the doctor, do not risk it! Anaphylactic shock is no joke!

Allergy sufferers should have adrenaline in their first aid kit along with a syringe. On this moment adrenaline is the most powerful and effective remedy for anaphylactic shock, combining antihistamine, anti-shock (stimulating the work of the heart and blood vessels) effects, it is the first-line drug for this life-threatening condition. However, it can lead to a hypertensive crisis or arrhythmias if used rashly. It is administered in case of anaphylactic shock, when the victim developed dizziness, loss of consciousness, decreased arterial pressure. Subcutaneous routes of administration are questionable: necrosis may appear at the injection site, and, given the disturbed microcirculation, the drug is unlikely to work properly. Therefore, the intravenous route is optimal - surely someone from your environment is able to give you an injection. Adrenaline is administered slowly, 0.3 milliliters, constantly measuring blood pressure and pulse.

Like dexamethasone or prednisolone, you can also keep in the first aid kit. They do not act immediately, but after 4-6 hours, but these drugs will help stabilize the pressure by releasing their own endogenous adrenaline.

Be sure to let others know about your allergy and explain to them what to do if your condition becomes threatening. Take care of yourself!

Vladimir Shpinev

Photo thinkstockphotos.com

Allergy appears as a response to the contact of the human body with desensitizers - substances that cause a painful response from the immune system. The response to the penetration of an aggressive substance ranges from mild, in the form of peeling, reddening of the skin or slight itching, to a serious immune response of the body. The conditions that threaten the patient's life include Quincke's edema and anaphylactic shock. Therefore, allergy first aid skills are important and may be needed in a variety of situations.

The peculiarity of an allergic reaction lies in its ability to accumulate information about the allergen, which leads to an increase in negative manifestations during subsequent contacts.

Allergy first aid basics

The order of manipulations that should be taken when providing first aid during an attack depends on the type of allergy and on the nature of the course. The algorithm of actions includes:

Elimination of exposure to the allergen;
Taking sensitizing agents;
Removal of symptoms.

Elimination of the pathogenic effect of the allergen

An acute attack is characterized by a violent reaction from the body, the first thing they do to alleviate the patient's condition is to stop exposure to the allergen (if possible). If the substance gets on the skin or in the nasopharyngeal cavity, rinse thoroughly with water. An allergy to an irritating aroma will weaken if you open windows in the room or transfer the victim to another room.

When the cause of the allergic condition was an insect bite, it is recommended to carefully pull out the sting, rinse the wound with water and make a cold compress. With severe edema, ice is applied locally, lowering the temperature prevents the development of the reaction.

If an allergy has arisen to food, drinks, drugs taken orally, this requires the earliest possible cessation of exposure to the allergen on the body. It is necessary to induce an attack of vomiting, after which the stomach is washed with plenty of water. It would be correct to take sorbents that will reduce the concentration of the desensitizer in the intestine. Common dosage forms are activated charcoal, white charcoal, smectin.

Body sensitization

The second step in helping with allergies at home is to reduce the negative response of the immune system with the help of drugs. The patient is given antihistamines, which reduce the negative manifestation of allergies and alleviate the patient's condition. Such funds reduce swelling, relieve spasm, reduce the likelihood of complications.

First aid for allergic reactions helps to stop hypersensitivity reactions and prevent the development of such serious complications as, or. It includes measures aimed at removing the allergen from the body and neutralizing already running biological mechanisms of the allergic process (for example, bronchospasm).

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

Allergic reactions of this type develop within a few minutes after the allergen enters the body, when it attaches to IgE class antibodies located on the membranes of basophils and mast cells. As a result of this interaction, the release of biologically active substances (histamine, serotonin, etc.) occurs, as well as the formation of new mediators: thromboxanes, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor. All released and newly synthesized substances interact with the receptors of various body cells, causing bronchospasm or simply a rapid increase in tissue edema.

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions include anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchial asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and acute urticaria. They occur during repeated contact with the allergen.

Type II hypersensitivity reactions

Antibodies belonging to the IgG or IgM class bind allergens that are fixed on the cells of the body. As a result, immune complexes are formed that activate the complement system responsible for damage to the cell membrane and cell death.

The most typical manifestations of this type of reaction are damage to the blood, lungs and kidneys in autoimmune diseases, such as Goodpasture's syndrome.

Hypersensitivity reactions of the third type

In this case, when the body encounters an allergen, circulating immune complexes are formed, which can settle in various tissues and in themselves cause a perverted response of the immune system and a local inflammation reaction. A typical example of this type of reaction is the Arthus phenomenon, serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, exogenous allergic alveolitis.

Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

These include delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, when the first manifestations develop 24 or more hours after the encounter with the allergen. They arise as a result of the action of waste products of protozoa, helminths and microorganisms, as well as drugs and cosmetics containing haptens, which, when combined with body proteins, turn into full-fledged allergens.

We encounter a delayed hypersensitivity reaction every time we conduct a Mantoux tuberculin test. Another common type of condition that these reactions are based on is allergic dermatitis.

First aid for allergic reactions

A variety of mechanisms for the development of allergic reactions dictates a different approach in providing first aid.

Hives

The most decisive and rapid measures require an anaphylaxis reaction, among which urticaria has the mildest course. There is the following first aid algorithm in case of acute urticaria:

Allergen removal. If the cause of the allergy is a food product or medicine taken orally, then the patient should wash the stomach, put a cleansing enema and then give any sorbent (activated carbon, enterosgel, atoxil, polyphepan).
Take an antihistamine tablet or injection. For these purposes, suprastin, tavegil, diphenhydramine, loratadine, desloratadine and others are used.

Rhinitis, conjunctivitis

It is necessary to limit contact with the allergen, for which the patient should be brought into the room if tears and sneezing have arisen under the influence of pollen and dust. Next, you need to put on a gauze bandage, which will reduce the contact of the allergen with the mucous membranes, as well as glasses (preferably of the diving type) that protect the surface of the eyes.

In addition, it is required to rinse the nasal passages with water and drip any antiallergic drops containing an antihistamine or hormonal drug. With severe itching and tearing in the eyes, it is also permissible to drip appropriate ophthalmic drops.

Then, if necessary, you need to take an antihistamine.

Allergic dermatitis

With allergic dermatitis, first aid may include relieving itching and applying lotions with a medicinal substance in case of weeping. For this purpose, antihistamines are quite suitable.

Due to the fact that allergic dermatitis is often caused by a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, great attention should be paid to measures to eliminate the allergen from the body and prevent true allergens and haptens from getting inside (avoid the use of substances that cause an allergic reaction, remove their residues from the skin surface, etc.). d.).

Serum sickness

Serum sickness develops a week or more after serum administration and is manifested by fever up to 39 ° C, joint stiffness, polyadenitis and various skin rashes. At this time, damage to blood vessels by immune complexes occurs in the body, which determines the severity of the disease, leading to damage to almost all organs.

First aid includes taking prednisolone or other hormonal drugs, membrane stabilizers (zaditen, ketotifen) and antihistamines.

Further treatment is carried out in a hospital and includes detoxification therapy, elimination of circulating complexes, enterosorption and hemosorption procedures.

Conclusion

In the event of an anaphylactic reaction or other severe allergic conditions, it is imperative to call a brigade emergency care, because in this situation the patient must receive a qualified medical care and some time to be under the supervision of doctors.

If the condition is not so severe, then you still need to see a doctor so that he can prescribe the appropriate treatment. Also, special attention should be paid to preventive measures aimed at preventing contact with the allergen in the future.