The word "information" comes from the Latin information, which translates as clarification, presentation. IN explanatory dictionary IN AND. Dahl does not have the word “information”. The term "information" came into use in Russian speech from the middle of the twentieth century.
To the greatest extent, the concept of information owes its spread to two scientific areas: communication theory And cybernetics. The result of the development of communication theory was information theory founded by Claude Shannon. However, K. Shannon did not give a definition of information, at the same time, defining amount of information. Information theory is devoted to solving the problem of measuring information.
In science cybernetics founded by Norbert Wiener, the concept of information is central (cf. "Cybernetics"). It is generally accepted that it was N. Wiener who introduced the concept of information into scientific use. Nevertheless, in his first book on cybernetics, N. Wiener does not define information. “ Information is information, not matter or energy”, wrote Wiener. Thus, the concept of information, on the one hand, is opposed to the concepts of matter and energy, on the other hand, it is put on a par with these concepts in terms of their degree of generality and fundamentality. Hence, at least it is clear that information is something that cannot be attributed to either matter or energy.
Information in philosophy
The science of philosophy deals with understanding information as a fundamental concept. According to one of the philosophical concepts, information is a property of everything, all material objects peace. This concept of information is called attributive (information is an attribute of all material objects). Information in the world arose together with the Universe. In this sense information is a measure of orderliness, structuredness of any material system. The processes of development of the world from the initial chaos that came after the "Big Bang" to the formation of inorganic systems, then organic (living) systems are associated with an increase in information content. This content is objective, independent of human consciousness. A piece of coal contains information about events that took place in ancient times. However, only an inquisitive mind can extract this information.
Another philosophical concept of information is called functional. According to the functional approach, information appeared with the emergence of life, as it is associated with the functioning of complex self-organizing systems, which include living organisms and human society. You can also say this: information is an attribute inherent only to living nature. This is one of the essential features that separate the living from the non-living in nature.
The third philosophical concept of information is anthropocentric, according to which information exists only in human mind, in human perception. Information activity is inherent only to man, occurs in social systems. By creating information technology, a person creates tools for his information activity.
We can say that the use of the concept of "information" in Everyday life takes place in an anthropocentric context. It is natural for any of us to perceive information as messages exchanged between people. For example, the media are mass media designed to disseminate messages, news among the population.
Information in biology
In the 20th century, the concept of information permeates science everywhere. Information processes in living nature are studied by biology. Neurophysiology (section of biology) studies the mechanisms of the nervous activity of animals and humans. This science builds a model information processes occurring in the body. The information coming from the outside is converted into signals of an electrochemical nature, which are transmitted from the sense organs along the nerve fibers to the neurons (nerve cells) of the brain. The brain transmits control information in the form of signals of the same nature to muscle tissues, thus controlling the organs of movement. The described mechanism is in good agreement with the cybernetic model of N. Wiener (see. "Cybernetics").
In another biological science - genetics, the concept of hereditary information embedded in the structure of DNA molecules present in the nuclei of cells of living organisms (plants, animals) is used. Genetics has proven that this structure is a kind of code that determines the functioning of the whole organism: its growth, development, pathologies, etc. Through DNA molecules, hereditary information is transmitted from generation to generation.
Studying informatics at the basic school (basic course), one should not delve into the complexity of the problem of determining information. The concept of information is given in a meaningful context:
Information- this is the meaning, the content of messages received by a person from the outside world through his senses.
The concept of information is revealed through the chain:
message - meaning - information - knowledge
A person perceives messages with the help of his senses (mostly through sight and hearing). If a person understands meaning enclosed in a message, then we can say that this message carries a person information. For example, a message in an unfamiliar language contains no information for this person, and the message to mother tongue clear, therefore informative. Information perceived and stored in memory replenishes knowledge person. Our knowledge- this is a systematized (related) information in our memory.
When revealing the concept of information from the point of view of a meaningful approach, one should start from the intuitive ideas about information that children have. It is advisable to conduct a conversation in the form of a dialogue, asking students questions that they are able to answer. Questions, for example, can be asked in the following order.
- Tell us where you get your information from?
You will probably hear back:
From books, radio and TV shows .
- In the morning I heard the weather forecast on the radio .
Seizing on this answer, the teacher leads the students to the final conclusion:
- So, at first you did not know what the weather would be like, but after listening to the radio, you began to know. Therefore, having received information, you received new knowledge!
Thus, the teacher, together with the students, comes to the definition: informationfor a person, this is information that supplements a person’s knowledge, which he receives from various sources. Further, on numerous examples familiar to children, this definition should be fixed.
Having established a connection between information and people's knowledge, one inevitably comes to the conclusion that information is the content of our memory, because human memory is the means of storing knowledge. It is reasonable to call such information internal, operational information that a person possesses. However, people store information not only in their own memory, but also in records on paper, on magnetic media, etc. Such information can be called external (in relation to a person). So that a person can use it (for example, cook a dish according to recipe), he must first read it, i.e. turn it into an internal form, and then perform some actions.
The question of the classification of knowledge (and therefore information) is very complex. In science, there are different approaches to it. Specialists in the field of artificial intelligence are especially engaged in this issue. Within the framework of the basic course, it is enough to confine ourselves to dividing knowledge into declarative And procedural. The description of declarative knowledge can be started with the words: “I know that…”. Description of procedural knowledge - with the words: "I know how ...". It is easy to give examples for both types of knowledge and invite children to come up with their own examples.
The teacher should be well aware of the propaedeutic significance of discussing these issues for the future acquaintance of students with the device and operation of the computer. A computer, like a person, has an internal - operational - memory and an external - long-term - memory. The division of knowledge into declarative and procedural in the future can be linked with the division of computer information into data - declarative information and programs - procedural information. Using the didactic method of analogy between the information function of a person and a computer will allow students to better understand the essence of the device and operation of a computer.
Based on the position “human knowledge is stored information”, the teacher informs students that smells, tastes, and tactile (tactile) sensations also carry information to a person. The rationale for this is very simple: since we remember familiar smells and tastes, we recognize familiar objects by touch, then these sensations are stored in our memory, and therefore, they are information. Hence the conclusion: with the help of all his senses, a person receives information from the outside world.
Both from a substantive and methodological point of view, it is very important to distinguish between the meaning of the concepts “ information" And " data”. To the representation of information in any sign system(including those used in computers) term should be used “data". A information- This the meaning contained in the data, embedded in them by a person and understandable only to a person.
Computer works with data: receives input data, processes them, transfers output data - results to a person. The semantic interpretation of the data is carried out by a person. However, in colloquial speech, in the literature they often say and write that a computer stores, processes, transmits and receives information. This is true if the computer is not separated from the person, considering it as a tool with which a person carries out information processes.
1. Andreeva E.IN.,Bosova L.L.,Falina I.H. Mathematical foundations of informatics. Elective course. M.: BINOM. Knowledge Lab, 2005.
2. Beshenkov S.A.,Rakitina E.A. Computer science. Systematic course. Textbook for 10th grade. Moscow: Basic Knowledge Laboratory, 2001, 57 p.
3.Wiener N. Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Moscow: Soviet radio, 1968, 201 p.
4. Computer science. Taskbook-workshop in 2 volumes / Ed. I.G. Semakina, E.K. Henner. T. 1. M.: BINOM. Knowledge Lab, 2005.
5. Kuznetsov A.A., Beshenkov S.A., Rakitina E.A., Matveeva N.V., Milokhina L.V. Continuous course of informatics (concept, system of modules, model program). Informatics and Education, No. 1, 2005.
6. Mathematical encyclopedic dictionary. Section: "Dictionary of school informatics". M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988.
7.Friedland A.I. Informatics: processes, systems, resources. M.: BINOM. Knowledge Lab, 2003.
The historical past is known with the help of various media that have some information about it. This information contains objects that, due to contact or interaction with other objects, carry certain traces of this contact or interaction. The historical information contained in such objects exists objectively, but it can be extracted from them only after appropriate processing by the subject-researcher. This processing includes a number of research procedures, and the more complete and thorough these procedures are, the more objective and versatile the historical knowledge obtained with their help.
A historical source should be understood as any object of study from which historical information can be extracted, and any data of the natural history cycle - anthropological, geographical and paleographic, geological, physical and chemical, which serve the same purpose, are full historical sources.
All sources are divided into historical remnants and historical legends.
Historical remains: material sources; from written sources - sources of act character (documents in which state decrees, contracts, records management materials, etc.) are recorded in the form of legal norms. In such sources, historical reality was preserved without interpretation, distortion.
Historical legends (traditions): narrative sources - historical works (chronicles, chronographs, legends), travel descriptions, letters, memoirs, diaries, periodical materials, literary works. Such sources are historical event in the form in which it was reflected in the minds of people (not directly, but indirectly).
Another variant of the classification of historical sources is as follows:
Written sources
Material sources
Ethnographic sources (rites, etc.)
oral sources
Linguistic sources
Film and photo documents
Phonodocuments (gramophone records, tape recordings, etc.)
It should be noted that the source can easily move from one group to another.
The largest group of sources is written. Written documents are divided into:
Informational
Scientific, popular science
Regulatory
Political and ideological
Publicistic
Statistical
Philosophical.
Myths contain a huge amount of information for historians. The use of mythology as a means of investigating the history and laws of human knowledge is a relatively new branch of science. Many myths originated much earlier than they were written down. Before the invention of writing, they were passed down from generation to generation orally. In addition, representatives of the same people living in different areas created various modifications of the same myths. All this creates certain difficulties when working with a myth as a source, but also provides more opportunities for comparison.
An important role in the study of the life of primitive people is played by ethnography, which studies all aspects of the culture of modern backward societies and projects its observations and conclusions onto historical process in primordial.
Sections: Organization of the school library
Lesson Objectives: expand knowledge about the history of the creation of the main sources of information in the past (clay tablets, papyrus, parchment).
Give an idea of the libraries of the ancient world.
Modern man, besides books, is surrounded by many other sources of information. Various information carriers enter the life of each of us and become constant companions. It took people many thousands of years to make something similar to a modern book.
IN different countries ah of the ancient world, people recorded their knowledge on various materials. Clay tablets with cuneiform writing just want to be called pages ancient books. There are 27,000 tablets in the London British Museum, their age is from two to five thousand years. Archaeologists to this day find them during excavations of the ancient cities of Sumer, Assyria, Babylon in Mesopotamia - the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. Tablets from the collection of the British Museum were discovered in the middle of the 19th century by English archaeologists O. Layard and H. Rassam during the excavations of Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, who ruled in the 7th century BC.
While excavating, archaeologists found a place where the floor was covered with a thick layer (half a meter!) of broken bricks. However, at first, scientists did not even suspect that these were tablets, mistaking the mysterious icons on the plates for a pattern.
Clay tablets
Several thousand years ago, the inhabitants of Babylon, Sumer and Assyria used raw clay to record information. Clay tablets were made, and on these tablets they made notes that they wanted to keep. Clay became "writing material".
With the help of pointed sticks, wedge-shaped signs, or cuneiform writing, were squeezed out on the still damp clay of these tablets. For better preservation of the tablets, they were burned on fire, then they acquired the strength of stone. Sometimes the entries were long and took up many clay tablets. Each such book consisted of dozens or even hundreds of clay "pages" stacked in wooden boxes. In all the big cities of Babylon, Sumer and Assyria, there were schools and libraries at the temples, where “books with clay pages” were kept. These books were of the most diverse content: religious, literary, medicine, mathematics, agriculture, and many others.
Library of King Ashurbanipal
There were many interesting "clay" books in the libraries of the ancient interfluve, but there was not one as large and rich as the library of King Ashurbanipal in his Nineveh palace. This king, two and a half thousand years ago, gathered in his capital Nineveh big library. It contains hundreds of clay books. They consisted of many "sheets" - tablets of the same size.
Ashurbanipal himself studied at the school at the temple and at that time was a very educated person: he knew how to read ancient inscriptions and understood tablets written in other languages. Therefore, Ashurbanipal loved books so much and collected a large library in his palace. He collected it in the truest sense of the word: he sent experienced scribes to different cities of Mesopotamia. Each group went to some large library - the "tablet house" at the temples. There they chose the most interesting books and carefully copied the entire text.
Two large rooms were chosen in the palace, in which boxes with “books” stood up to the very ceiling. The king valued them and was afraid to put them down, where the dampness of the tablets could get wet and die. Often the contents of a poem or other work did not fit on one plate. Then a continuation was written on the other, several clay tablets – “pages” were obtained. These pages could not be glued into one scroll, like the Egyptian papyrus. They were placed in one box. But tablets could always accidentally crumble and mix with others. Because of this, it was easy to confuse the books, and then the most learned priests would have difficulty understanding everything. To prevent this from happening, special notes were made on each page.
There were many textbooks in the library of Ashurbanipal: grammar Sumerian with explanations of various rules for translating them into Babylonian, dictionaries of foreign words, lists of words that were memorized. These are lists of plants, animals, geographical names, etc. There were works of lyric poetry, historical chronicles, astronomical observations and mathematical works. When the tablets got into the royal library, a stamp was squeezed out on them – “Palace of Ashurbanipal, king of the universe, king of Assyria”
–
just like in our libraries they put the seal of the library on the books. Then the newly received tablets were put back in boxes and a catalog of books was compiled.
The boxes were divided into sections and a plate with the names of the department was attached to them. In some, there were tablets with textbooks on language and grammar, and in others, in mathematics. Separately placed tablets with hymns and prayers, stories and legends. There were sections on medicine, minerals, various industries, etc. Many books were presented in the library in several copies, some in five or six.
Ashurbanipal was one of the most educated people that time. But, despite this, the king was as cruel and merciless as his father and grandfather. Once, in one of his campaigns, he captured four kings of the countries he conquered. Returning to Nineveh, Ashurbanipal ordered them to be harnessed to the chariot, and, sitting in it, drove through the entire capital. After that, these four kings were put in a cage, which stood at the gate of the palace. Ashurbanipal was the last Assyrian king, before whom the conquered peoples trembled. After the death of Ashurbanipal, the countries subject to Assyria rebelled and started a war.
The fate of Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, is known. Under the onslaught of enemy armies, the city fell. In 612 B.C. Babylonian troops broke into Nineveh, the city was completely destroyed: “The cavalry rushes, swords sparkle, spears shine; many slain ... Nineveh plundered, devastated and devastated”, wrote an ancient historian. The fire that raged for many days after that completed the destruction, and the sands of the desert covered the remaining ruins.
The significance of the Ashurbanipal library is that it is, in essence, a genuine collection of cultural achievements of the peoples of the Ancient East.
Papyrus
In the neighboring kingdom of Assyria, the material for writing was made from a river plant. In ancient Egypt, papyrus was considered "royal plant" since the time of the Ptolemies. From the beginning of the III century BC. a tsarist monopoly was introduced on it. Papyrus was sold to many countries of the Ancient World.
Papyrus
- river reed with a high and thick trunk.
The stem of the plant was divided with a needle into thin narrow strips. These strips were glued one to the other so that a whole page was obtained. Another layer was superimposed on the layer thus obtained, the stripes of which were located transversely to the stripes of the first. Both layers were strongly compressed and then dried. The remaining irregularities were polished with pumice. Due to resinous substances, a homogeneous, durable material of light yellow color was obtained, over time it darkened and lost elasticity, becoming brittle and brittle. A sheet made of papyrus could not be folded or folded. The pages were glued together in length and rolled into scrolls, the length of which could reach several tens of meters. Long ribbons were wound around a stick with a handle, resulting in scrolls, on which books and documents were copied. They read the scroll in this way: with the left hand they held the wand by the curly end, and with the right they unfolded the text in front of their eyes. Rolled scrolls were neatly placed in a box with straps and worn behind the back. As a material for writing, papyrus was invented around the beginning of the third millennium BC. and was used until the 8th-9th centuries AD. The Egyptian word "papyrus" has since denoted paper in a number of European languages. (German Papier, French papier, English paper goes back to ancient Greek pas pyros).
This is interesting:
Of the papyrus scrolls that have come down to us, the so-called Papyrus Harris (after its discoverer), now stored in the British Museum, is considered the largest. Its length exceeds 40 meters, and its width is 43 centimeters. The vast majority of papyri were not so large.Library of Alexandria
The most famous library of antiquity was founded at the Alexandrian museion (temple or sanctuary) - one of the main scientific and cultural centers of the ancient world. In Egypt, libraries were created in temples, and priests took care of them. The books were in the form of rolls made from papyrus. The most famous library of ancient times was collected in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. It was formed in 300 BC.
Library hosts Egyptian Ptolemaic kings acquired all the literary works that only existed. Original manuscripts carefully collected and purchased from the south of Europe, the Mediterranean islands, North Africa and Western Asia.
This is interesting
: a curious episode, testifying to book addictions back in ancient times. Pharaoh Ptolemy III, who created the Library of Alexandria, decided to replenish it with the works of famous Greeks. But since these books could not be obtained. Pharaoh decided to make copies. Why did you ask from Athens Ancient Greece rare manuscripts for copying. For each book, a deposit was paid in gold coins (1 book - 15 coins). However, the love of the Egyptian pharaoh for old manuscripts was so great that Ptolemy III donated gold, handed over the manuscripts to the Library of Alexandria, and sent copies to the Athenians. The attempts of the Greeks to return the manuscripts did not lead to anything. These were the first attempts to collect all Greek literature. A special building was built for the library in one of the best areas of Alexandria. It had the shape of a rectangle, and was decorated on all sides with rows of graceful columns, between which stood statues of prominent writers and scientists. The entrance led into a large hall lined with white marble. There were tables for reading and writing, and comfortable chairs and beds beside them (noble Greeks liked to recline at the table on soft beds). Behind this hall, this hall was a huge repository of scrolls and service rooms - the room of the main custodian of the library, his assistants and translators. It contained at least 700,000 papyrus scrolls, which have been cataloged and fully systematized - just like in modern libraries.
This is interesting:
it is curious that in Alexandria there was a peculiar law, according to which all manuscripts found on ships arriving in the Alexandrian harbor had to be sent to the library for rewriting. In the Library of Alexandria, perhaps for the first time in the history of mankind, literary monuments of many peoples of the Middle East were collected.Here not only literary and scientific works were collected, but also new works were created; the best grammarians and poets translated the outstanding works of writers from different countries and peoples. In addition, in the Library of Alexandria, for the first time in the history of the book, a catalog was compiled in which it was possible to find information about each work stored in it. It is clear that the Library of Alexandria attracted many scholars of antiquity. Mathematicians Archimedes, Euclid and Eratosthenes, mechanics Aristarchus of Samos and Heron of Alexandria, astronomer Claudius Ptolemy and many others worked with her books. others
An entirely new science arose in the Library of Alexandria. Classification
- the distribution of hundreds of thousands of different works into sections and the compilation of a catalog with the designation of the author and the title of each book.
The catalog of the Library of Alexandria consisted of 120 books - one hundred and twenty papyrus scrolls. The author of the catalog was the scientist Callimachus, who himself copied, that is, copied about eight hundred poetic and historical works. The original catalog of the Library of Alexandria was literally called "Tables of those who became famous in all fields of knowledge, and what they wrote."
The fate of the Library of Alexandria is tragic. It existed in its original form for about 200 years. In 48 BC, when the troops of Julius Caesar broke into Alexandria and entered into a fierce struggle with the population of the city, a fire broke out. Part of the library was destroyed in the fire. Caesar sent many scrolls to Rome, but the ship with the scrolls sank. The library was damaged during the civil war in Egypt in the 3rd century. The remains of a remarkable collection of ancient literature were destroyed in the 7th century AD. troops of the Turkish Sultan who captured Egypt. When the existence of this library was reported to the Sultan, he said : “If these books repeat the Koran, then they are not needed, if not, then they are harmful.” And the priceless collection was destroyed.
Parchment
Along with papyrus, material made from the skins of young animals - calves, goats, sheep, rabbits - became widespread in the ancient world. In ancient Pergamum in the III century BC. (a state on the peninsula of Asia Minor, modern Syria) and invented this material for writing. He was named parchment
by the name of the place where it was invented. This material was destined for a long life. In world history, the Asia Minor city of Pergamum became famous for the invention of parchment - specially processed calfskin.
The method of making parchment was rather complicated. The skins of the animals were thoroughly washed and soaked in ash, then cleaned from the remnants of wool, fat, and meat. The skin was stretched on frames, smoothed with pumice, dried and carefully scraped, giving it a smooth surface (sometimes lime was used for bleaching). From the skins, a white, thin, extremely durable material was obtained - parchment. It could be written on both sides.
Parchment was more expensive than papyrus, but more versatile and durable. In the beginning, scrolls were made from parchment, as from papyrus. However, it was soon noticed that, unlike papyrus, it is easily written on both sides. Parchment books have become similar to modern ones.
Manufacture of parchment books. The cut sheets of parchment were bent in a certain order. In Greek, a sheet of four additions “tetra” is called a notebook. From notebooks of sixteen and thirty-two pages, a volume was formed - a book block of any format. The notebooks were stapled together and enclosed in wooden lids. In form, they already then resembled a book to which we are accustomed. So "Pergamum paper" finally defeated papyrus.
Parchment books were written and drawn by skilled scribes and artists, each such book was a real work of art. The covers of such books were covered with gold, silver, precious stones and were very expensive. Such books in ancient libraries, so that they would not be stolen, were chained to the shelves.
Pergamon Library
Mass production of parchment began in Pergamum for the needs of the Pergamon Library, it was more expensive than papyrus and was used for more expensive publications. It could be used for illustrations.
The Roman scholar and writer Pliny the Elder reported that the invention of parchment was the result of rivalry in the collection of books between king of Egypt Ptolemy And king of Pergamon Eumenes II. Wanting to prevent his rival from purchasing books for the library, Ptolemy forbade the export of papyrus, the only writing material, from Egypt. The ruler of Pergamum had to urgently look for another material for the manufacture and rewriting of books that could replace the usual papyrus. Under him, a library was created, inferior in size only to Alexandria. It had a repository of manuscripts, a large and small reading room. Niches lined with cedar are arranged in the marble walls. The books were very diverse, but most of all - medical. Pergamum was considered the center of medical science; the famous physician Galen treated the sick here at one time. The library had scribes, translators, people who monitored the safety of manuscripts.
Obviously, the invention of a new writing material was the result of a long search for the best form for a book and more durable and comfortable writing materials.
Eumenes II, who was proud of the appearance in his kingdom of a new type of material for writing, did not suspect what distribution parchment would receive in the coming centuries. Nor could he foresee that it was the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, who ruled in the homeland of papyrus shortly before the new era(31 BC), the Roman Mark Antony will generously donate several thousand parchment books (which he inherited as a military trophy) from the Pergamon Library.
The Pergamonians tried to restore the library, but they could not achieve its former greatness.
Bibliography
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2. Glukhov A. From the depths of centuries: Essays on the ancient libraries of the world. - M: Book, 1971. 112 p.
3. Dantalov M.A. Library of King Ashurbanipal. / / From the history of human society: Children's Encyclopedia Volume 8. - M: Pedagogy, 1975. pp.36–38.
4. History of the book. / edited by A.A. Govorov, T.G. Kupriyanova. - M: Svetoton, 2001. 400 p.
5. Malov V.I. Book. - M: Slovo, 2002. 48 p. - (What is what)
6. Pavlov I.P. About your book. - M: Education, 1991. 113 p. - (Know and be able).
7. Ratke I. History of writing. Issue 4. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1995. 20 p.
8. Rubinstein R.I. What the monuments of the ancient East tell about: A book for reading. - M: Enlightenment, 1964. 184 p.
KHARKIV- Russian city. It was founded in the 1630s. Little Russians who fled from the Poles from the right bank of the Dnieper settled there. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich built a fortress there and founded the Kharkov Voivodeship in 1656.
DNEPROPETROVSK- founded by Catherine II in 1776 and was called Yekaterinoslav.
SUMS- founded by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich no later than 1655. The tsar allowed the Little Russian refugees, who were killed by the Poles, to settle there.
POLTAVA- was in the 17th century the center of pro-Russian-minded Little Russia. For this, the traitor Hetman Vyhovsky attacked the city and sold its inhabitants into slavery to the Crimean Tatars.
LUGANSK- founded in 1795, when Catherine II founded an iron foundry on the Lugan River. To work on it, immigrants from the central and northwestern provinces of Russia came to live in Lugansk.
KHERSON- founded by Catherine II in 1778 for the construction of the Russian fleet. The construction was carried out by Potemkin.
DONETSK- founded by Alexander II in 1869 during the construction of a metallurgical plant in Yuzovka.
NIKOLAEV- founded by Catherine II in 1789. At this time, Potemkin was building the ship St. Nicholas there.
ODESSA- founded by Catherine II in 1794 on the site of a fortress built a little earlier by Suvorov.
SEVASTOPOL- founded by decree of the Russian Empress Catherine II of February 10, 1784.
CHERNIGOV- one of the oldest Russian cities, it existed at the beginning of the 10th century. In 1503 he became part of Russia. In 1611, the Poles destroyed it and took this territory from the Russians. But in 1654, Chernigov returned to Russia and has been an integral part of it ever since.
SIMFEROPOL- founded by Catherine II in 1783 on the site of a fortress built earlier by Suvorov. Built the city of Potemkin.
MARIUPOL- founded in 1778 by Catherine II. She settled Greeks there - immigrants from the Crimea.
KRIVOY ROG- founded by Catherine II in 1775. And it received its industrial development in Soviet times, as a base for metallurgy.
ZAPORIZHIA- founded by Catherine II in 1770 and was called Alexandrovsk.
KIROVOGRAD- was founded in 1754 by the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna as a fortress to protect the southern borders Russian Empire from the Tatars. It was called ELISAVETHRAD.
CRIMEA- the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire (1783) - the inclusion of the territory of the Crimean Khanate into Russia after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. In 1784, the Tauride Region was formed on the annexed territory.
And already in the spring, urgent measures were taken to select a harbor for the future Black Sea Fleet on the southwestern coast of the peninsula. Catherine II, by her decree of February 10, 1784, ordered to establish here "a military port with an admiralty, a shipyard, a fortress and make it a military city." At the beginning of 1784, a port-fortress was laid, which Catherine II gave the name of Sevastopol.
On June 28, 1783, the manifesto of Catherine II was finally made public during the solemn oath of the Crimean nobility, which was personally taken by Prince Potemkin.
First, murzas, beys, clerics swore allegiance, and then the ordinary population.
The celebrations were accompanied by refreshments, games, horse races, and cannon salutes.
Konstantin Kornev
KHARKOV Russian city. It was founded in the 1630s. Little Russians who fled from the Poles from the right bank of the Dnieper settled there. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich built a fortress there and founded the Kharkov Voivodeship in 1656.
DNEPROPETROVSK - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1776 and was called Yekaterinoslav.
SUMY - founded by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich no later than 1655. The tsar allowed the Little Russian refugees, who were killed by the Poles, to settle there.
POLTAVA - was in the 17th century the center of pro-Russian-minded Little Russia. For this, the traitor Hetman Vyhovsky attacked the city and sold its inhabitants into slavery to the Crimean Tatars.
LUGANSK - founded in 1795, when Catherine II founded an iron foundry on the Lugan River. To work on it, people from the central and northwestern provinces of Russia came to live in Lugansk.
KHERSON - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1778 for the construction of the Russian fleet. The construction was carried out by Potemkin.
DONETSK - founded by Alexander - 2 in 1869 during the construction of a metallurgical plant in Yuzovka.
NIKOLAEV - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1789. At this time, Potemkin was building the ship St. Nicholas there.
ODESSA - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1794 on the site of a fortress built a little earlier by Suvorov.
CHERNIGOV - one of the oldest Russian cities, it existed at the beginning of the 10th century. In 1503 he became part of Russia. In 1611, the Poles destroyed it and took this territory from the Russians. But in 1654, Chernigov returned to Russia and has been an integral part of it ever since.
SIMFEROPOL - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1783 on the site of a fortress built earlier by Suvorov. Built the city of Potemkin.
MARIUPOL - founded in 1778 by Catherine - 2 She settled Greeks there - immigrants from the Crimea.
KRYVOY RIG - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1775. And it received its industrial development during the Soviet era, as the base of metallurgy.
ZAPORIZHIA - founded by Catherine - 2 in 1770 and was called Aleksandrovsk.
KIROVOGRAD - was founded in 1754 by the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna as a fortress to protect the southern borders of the Russian Empire from the Tatars. It was called ELISAVETHRAD.
CRIMEA - Accession of Crimea to the Russian Empire (1783) - inclusion of the territory of the Crimean Khanate into Russia after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. In 1784, the Tauride Region was formed on the annexed territory.
And already in the spring, urgent measures were taken to select a harbor for the future Black Sea Fleet on the southwestern coast of the peninsula. Catherine II, by her decree of February 10, 1784, ordered to establish here "a military port with an admiralty, a shipyard, a fortress and make it a military city." At the beginning of 1784, a port-fortress was laid, which Catherine II gave the name of Sevastopol.
On June 28, 1783, the manifesto of Catherine II was finally made public during the solemn oath of the Crimean nobility, which was personally taken by Prince Potemkin.
First, murzas, beys, clerics swore allegiance, and then the ordinary population.
The celebrations were accompanied by refreshments, games, horse races, and cannon salutes.
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