Romanovs.
There are two main versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one they come from Prussia, according to the other from Novgorod. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the family was close to the royal throne and had a certain political influence. The surname Romanov was first adopted by Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich).
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty.
Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645).
Years of government - 1613-1645.
The son of Patriarch Philaret and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova (after the tonsure, nun Martha). On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor, and on July 11 of the same year he was married to the kingdom. Was married twice. He had three daughters and a son - the heir to the throne Alexei Mikhailovich.
The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was marked by rapid construction in major cities, the development of Siberia and the development of technological progress.
Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1629-1676)
Years of government - 1645-1676
The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was noted:
- church reform (in other words, a split in the church)
- peasant war led by Stepan Razin
- reunification of Russia and Ukraine
- a number of riots: "Salt", "Copper"
Was married twice. His first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, bore him 13 children, including the future tsars Fedor and Ivan, and Princess Sophia. Second wife Natalya Naryshkina - 3 children, including the future Emperor Peter I.
Before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich blessed his son from his first marriage, Fedor, to the kingdom.
Fedor III (Fyodor Alekseevich) (1661-1682)
Years of government - 1676-1682
Under Feodor III, a census was conducted and the cutting off of hands for theft was abolished. Orphanages began to be built. The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established, with admission to study in it for representatives of all classes.
Was married twice. There were no children. He did not appoint heirs before his death.
Ivan V (Ivan Alekseevich) (1666-1696)
Years of government - 1682-1696
He took over the reign after the death of his brother Fedor by the right of seniority.
He was very painful and incapable of governing the country. The boyars and the patriarch decided to depose Ivan V and declare the underage Peter Alekseevich (future Peter I) the king. Relatives from both heirs fought desperately for power. The result was a bloody Streltsy rebellion. As a result, it was decided to crown both of them, which happened on June 25, 1682. Ivan V was a nominal tsar and never engaged in state affairs. In reality, the country was ruled first by Princess Sophia, and then by Peter I.
He was married to Praskovya Saltykova. They had five daughters, including the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Princess Sofya (Sofya Alekseevna) (1657-1704)
Years of government - 1682-1689
Under Sophia, the persecution of the Old Believers was intensified. Her favorite Prince Golits undertook two unsuccessful campaigns against the Crimea. As a result of the coup in 1689, Peter I came to power. Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun and died in the Novodevichy Convent.
Peter I (Peter Alekseevich) (1672-1725)
Years of government - 1682-1725
He was the first to take the title of emperor. When there were many global changes in the state:
- the capital was moved to the newly built city of St. Petersburg.
- the Russian navy was founded
- carried out a lot of successful military campaigns, including the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava
- another church reform was carried out, the Holy Synod was established, the institution of the patriarch was abolished, the church was deprived of its own funds
- the Senate was established
The emperor was married twice. The first wife is Evdokia Lopukhina. The second is Marta Skavronskaya.
Three children of Peter survived to adulthood: Tsarevich Alesya and daughters Elizabeth and Anna.
Tsarevich Alexei was considered the heir, but was accused of high treason and died under torture. According to one version, he was tortured to death by his own father.
Catherine I (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727)
Years of government - 1725-1727
After the death of her crowned husband, she took his throne. The most significant event of her reign was the opening of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Peter II (Peter Alekseevich) (1715-1730)
Years of government - 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei.
He ascended the throne quite young and was not involved in public affairs. He was passionate about hunting.
Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740)
Years of government - 1730-1740
Daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Peter I.
Since there were no heirs after Peter II, the members of the Privy Council decided the issue with the throne. They chose Anna Ioannovna, forcing her to sign a document limiting royal power. Subsequently, she tore the document, and the members of the Privy Council were either executed or sent into exile.
Anna Ioannovna declared the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, Ivan Antonovich, her heir.
Ivan VI (Ivan Antonovich) (1740-1764)
Years of government - 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, nephew of Anna Ioannovna.
First, under the young emperor, the favorite of Anna Ioannovna Biron was regent, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna. After the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna, the emperor and his family spent the rest of their days in captivity.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761)
Years of government - 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The last ruler of the state, who is a direct descendant of the Romanovs. She ascended the throne as a result of a coup d'état. All her life she patronized the arts and science.
She declared her nephew Peter to be her heir.
Peter III (1728-1762)
Years of government - 1761-1762
Grandson of Peter I, son of his eldest daughter Anna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
During his short reign, he managed to sign a decree on equality of religions and the Manifesto of the Liberty of the Nobility. He was killed by a group of conspirators.
He was married to Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (future Empress Catherine II). He had a son, Pavel, who would later take the Russian throne.
Catherine II (née Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica) (1729-1796)
Years of government - 1762-1796
She became empress after the coup d'état and the assassination of Peter III.
The reign of Catherine is called the golden age. Russia conducted a lot of successful military campaigns and gained new territories. Science and art developed.
Pavel I (1754-1801)
Years of government - 1796-1801
Son of Peter III and Catherine II.
He was married to the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, at baptism Natalya Alekseevna. They had ten children. Two of whom later became emperors.
Killed by conspirators.
Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich) (1777-1825)
Reign 1801-1825
Son of Emperor Paul I.
After the coup and the murder of his father, he ascended the throne.
Defeated Napoleon.
He had no heirs.
A legend is connected with him that he did not die in 1825, but became a wandering monk and ended his days in one of the monasteries.
Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich) (1796-1855)
Years of government - 1825-1855
Son of Emperor Paul I, brother of Emperor Alexander I
Under him, the Decembrist Uprising took place.
He was married to the Prussian princess Friederika Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina. The couple had 7 children.
Alexander II the Liberator (Alexander Nikolaevich) (1818-1881)
Years of government - 1855-1881
Son of Emperor Nicholas I.
He abolished serfdom in Russia.
Was married twice. First time on Mary, Princess of Hesse. The second marriage was considered morganatic and was concluded with Princess Catherine Dolgoruky.
The emperor died at the hands of terrorists.
Alexander III the Peacemaker (Alexander Alexandrovich) (1845-1894)
Years of government - 1881-1894
Son of Emperor Alexander II.
Under him, Russia was very stable, rapid economic growth began.
He married the Danish princess Dagmar. The marriage produced 4 sons and two daughters.
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) (1868-1918)
Years of government - 1894-1917
Son of Emperor Alexander III.
The last Russian emperor.
The time of his reign was quite difficult, marked by riots, revolutions, unsuccessful wars and a fading economy.
He was greatly influenced by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Alice of Hesse). The couple had 4 daughters and a son Alex.
In 1917 the Emperor abdicated.
In 1918, together with his entire family, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.
Assigned to Russian Orthodox Church to the Face of the Saints.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (July 12, 1596 - July 13, 1645) - the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty (ruled from March 24, 1613). After the death of Patriarch Hermogenes (Germogenes), the Russian land "beheaded". The "Third Rome" turned out to be both without a Tsar and without a Patriarch. For the first time in Russian history, the Council of the Russian Land was convened - not by the will of the supreme ecclesiastical or highest secular authorities, but by the will of the people. The Zemsky Sobor, held in Moscow in January-February 1613, was the most representative of all the Zemsky Sobors. His meetings were held in the Assumption Cathedral, since in Moscow at that time there was no other room that could accommodate such a large society. According to the historian S.F. Platonov, at least 700 "delegates" took part in the Council (when Godunov was elected, there were 476 of them). It was indeed a "Russian National Assembly", whose representatives were especially concerned that their decision should express the will of "the whole earth." The electives, although they had broad powers, still sent their decisions to the survey of cities. Having gathered after many years of cruel events, civil strife, people were divided by the recent past. It was still alive, and at first it made itself felt by mutual reproaches and accusations, especially since among the contenders for the Russian throne there were persons and families directly involved in the political conflicts of the Time of Troubles: Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Prince V.V. Golitsyn, Prince F.I. Mstislavsky, Prince D.M. Pozharsky and some others.
All of them were distinguished by the antiquities of the family, but none of them had clear advantages for the throne. The name of the sixteen-year-old nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the boyar Mikhail Romanov, was also mentioned. Avraamiy Palitsyn, the cellar of the Holy Trinity Monastery (Lavra), recalled: “And for many days all sorts of people of the entire Russian Kingdom spoke about this with great noise and weeping.” For the first time, after the fall of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in the summer of 1610, the name of the boyar son, as the only person worthy of the royal dignity, was named by Patriarch Hermogen. But then the words of the Holy Shepherd were not heard. Now they have acquired the character of a great historical political action. The decision in favor of Mikhail Romanov turned out to be universal. As one of the authors rightly concluded, “only by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit can such a unanimous decision of a meeting of people be explained, who a year ago looked at each other as their worst enemies.” Much has been written and said about the Council of 1613, which became crucial in the history of Russia. “Various groups promoted their candidates, blocked others. The case threatened to drag on. And here a compromise was found. The Cossacks called out the name of 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, who, after the liberation of the Kremlin, was in his estate in the Kostroma district ... The boyars also supported him, since the Romanovs were part of the elite of the Russian aristocracy, and Mikhail was the great-nephew of Anastasia Romanova, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible. In addition, the boyar group did not abandon the old idea - to put a monarch dependent on it on the Russian throne and thereby limit autocratic despotism. One of the influential boyar-electors argued: "Misha Romanov is young, he has not yet reached his mind, and he will be familiar with us." According to the ingenuous remark of the chronicler, "many are from the nobles, who want to be a king, bribe, many and give and promise many gifts." Be that as it may, but in the fact that on February 21, 1613 in the Assumption Cathedral, in front of the main altar of Rus', the name of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was unanimously approved - a sign of the special God's grace of Russia was revealed.
In the Time of Troubles twice before, the Russian land, at the zemstvo councils of 1598 and 1606, proclaimed the tsar and was twice mistaken. These failures cost too much, and everyone knew about it. It was not about "choice", as a kind of mechanical procedure for obtaining the maximum number of votes by one or another applicant, but about establishing "worthiness". General M.K. wrote very well about the Orthodox perception of the procedure for the election of the king. Diterichs (1874 - 1937), who investigated the circumstances of the murder of the Royal Family in Yekaterinburg. He made a detailed account of the circumstances of that atrocity. At the same time, the general carried out a historical reconstruction of popular ideas about royal power, in the system of understanding of which the events of 1613 were of key importance. “To Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov,” wrote M.K. Diterichs, - it is impossible to apply the definition that he was an “elected tsar”, since the actions that took place at the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 do not at all fit the concepts of “elections” established by the rules and trends of modern “civil ideas” .. The debate at the Zemsky Sobor focused not on the question of “whom to elect,” but on the question of “who can be king in Russia,” in accordance with the ideological concepts of power that existed at that time among the Russian people of “the whole earth” ... Zemstvo people 1613 of the year, having gathered to “choose” the Sovereign, they left it to the Lord God to “choose” the Tsar, waiting for the manifestation of this election in the fact that He would put in the heart of His Anointed One “one thought and affirmation” in the heart of all people. The Lord sends a king to people, and sends them when they are worthy to earn His mercy. And the destiny of the earthly is to discern this providential gift and accept it with a prayer of thanksgiving. Such is the highest spiritual meaning of the event that took place on February 21, 1613 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Even with the most thorough documentary reconstruction of the situation in 1613, the meaning of the event, its inner meaning, cannot be comprehended without taking into account providential predestination. For all the textural evidence and logical arguments still do not clarify the main thing: why exactly did Mikhail Romanov become the tsar in Rus'. Mikhail Romanov was little known. Father Fyodor Nikitich (c. 1564–1633), who became a monk in 1601 under the name Filaret, languished in Polish captivity. The mother, who under Godunov's compulsion took the tonsure under the name of Martha, was in the monastery. All the main boyar families, who fought for their advantages, actually bowed in favor of the foreign tsar. And only the righteous Patriarch Hermogenes, in his prayerful zeal, recognized the name of the future king. The people and all the delegates of the Council, enlightened by the Holy Spirit, bowed meekly in favor of a single decision. As noted by S.F. Platonov, "according to the general idea, God himself chose the Sovereign, and the whole Russian land rejoiced and rejoiced." A participant in those events, the cellar of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (Lavra), Avraamy Palitsyn, concluded that Mikhail Fedorovich "was chosen not from a man, but truly from God." He saw the proof of this exclusivity in the fact that during the "collection of votes" at the Council there was no disagreement. This, however, could happen, as Palitsyn concluded, only “at the direction of the One All-strong God." Already after the election of Michael, after sending letters about "to all corners of the Russian land" and after the oath and the kiss of the cross - even after all this, Moscow did not know where the new Tsar was. The embassy sent to him at the beginning of March 1613 departed for Yaroslavl, or "where he, the Sovereign, will be." The chosen one was hiding in the Kostroma family estate "Domnino", and later, together with his mother, he moved to the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery, where the delegation of the Zemsky Sobor found him. As you know, initially both the nun Martha herself and her son Mikhail flatly refused the royal fate ... "God's work is the work, not the human mind ..." In the events of 1613, it was not worldly passions that won, not "political technologies", not group interests, but a religious idea. Michael became king not by the will of the well-born and eminent, not by the will of his parents, and not by virtue of pragmatic or selfish calculations of certain forces, but, as the researcher concluded, “by the pressure of the masses.” A reflection of this national enthusiasm was the Approved Diploma on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Moscow State, signed by the participants of the Council and drawn up in May 1613. The Diploma contains various episodes of the following hours, when the future fate of Rus' was being decided and when mother and son stubbornly said “no” to all the groans and pleas of the gathered people. Then Archbishop Theodorit delivered a pastoral sermon, beginning with the words: “Merciful Sovereign Mikhailo Fedorovich! Do not be repugnant to the Higher God's providence, obey His holy will; no one is righteous, contrary to the words of the judgments of God. The archpastor outlined the gospel understanding of the duty of a Christian, referred to the authority of the Holy Fathers of the Church, and cited the unanimous decision of the Council as God's chosen one. "The voice of God is the voice of the people." Vladyka did not confine himself to announcing the unshakable rules of foreign law and turned to historical examples associated with the history of the Second Rome. This is a very important point, which makes it possible to understand that in the Russian mind "Russian history" and "Greek history" existed in a single conceptual space. The "Greek Kingdom" gave examples of how "should" and how "should not" live and rule. Both those and others in Rus' knew and drew answers to their seemingly very local questions from a long-standing storehouse of experience. The task for Christian authority is the same at all times. That is why Theodoret referred to the examples of Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine, the emperors Theodosius the Great, Justinian and other Constantinople emperors and basileus, who ruled by the will of God and affirmed the Cause of Christ on earth. The same fate is prepared for Mikhail Fedorovich, and he, as a Christian, cannot evade the fulfillment of the Will of the Most High. Prayers and exhortations broke the stubbornness of nun Martha and young Michael. The mother turned to her son with the words: “God's work is the work, not the human mind; if it be the will of God, so be it, and do it.” And Michael, shedding tears, accepted the royal burden as a Christian obedience. Mikhail Romanov arrived in Moscow, and on July 11, 1613, his wedding to the kingdom took place in the Assumption Cathedral.
Mikhail Romanov became the first tsar of the new dynasty, occupying the royal throne from 1613 to 1645. Under him, an amazing union was formed between the Priesthood and the Kingdom, which had no analogues either before or after. Under Mikhail Fedorovich, the functions of "kingdom" and "priesthood" were, as it were, harmonized in favor of the Church, when the spiritual shepherd played a decisive role in worldly affairs. The Romanov dynasty will rule Russia for more than three hundred years, until it tragically ends, again in July, in the basement of the Ipatiev House ... It is known that the Romanovs are the youngest branch of one of the oldest Moscow boyar families of the Koshkins - Zakharyins - Yuryevs. In the earliest genealogies of the 16th-17th centuries, everyone unanimously called the progenitor of the clan Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, the boyar of the Grand Duke, who lived in the 14th century. The descendants of Andrei Kobyla are well known from various documents of medieval Rus'. But in vain to look for their names there. Then there was, as they say, a three-part form of the name: a proper name - father - grandfather. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (father of the future Tsar Mikhail), his father Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, then Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin
After the absentee election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the Zemsky Sobor appointed a large delegation headed by the Ryazan Archbishop Theodorit to go to him. The delegates-petitioners included Chudovsky, Novospassky and Simonovsky archimandrites, Trinity cellar Avraamy Palitsyn, boyars F.I. Sheremetev and V.I. Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky, okolnichiy F. Golovin, as well as stewards, clerks, residents and elected from cities. Due to the fact that no one knew the exact location of the newly elected tsar, their order was as follows: “Go to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Rus' in Yaroslavl or wherever he, sovereign, will be.” Only on the way did the delegates find out that Mikhail and his mother were in the Ipatiev Monastery not far from Kostroma, where they arrived on March 13, 1613. The next day they were given an audience. The first reaction of the nun Martha and her sixteen-year-old son to the news of the election of Michael as king was a decisive refusal, as chronicles note, "with anger and tears." There were serious reasons behind this refusal, for there are few examples in history when a new sovereign at such a young age would take the throne in such an extremely difficult situation. The main difficulty was that the state was at war with two powers at once - Poland and Sweden, which, having occupied part of the Russian territory, put forward their candidates for the Moscow throne. Moreover, one of the opponents had the father of the newly elected Moscow Tsar, Filaret (Fyodor) Nikitich Romanov, as a prisoner, and the accession of his son to the throne could adversely affect his fate. It was also hard internal state Moscow kingdom. The Cossack chieftain Ivan Zarutsky continued to pose a great danger to the state with his unmarried wife and her son "Tsarevich Ivan", who had broad support from the Cossacks and the Russian freemen, who had unbelted during the years of the Time of Troubles and kept in fear the population of almost all regions, including the Moscow suburbs. But the most terrible danger for Mikhail and his mother lay, as they said then, in the cowardice of the Moscow people, who, having sworn successively to Boris Godunov, his son Fyodor, Grishka Otrepyev, Vasily Shuisky, the Tushinsky thief, Prince Vladislav, betrayed them one by one, guided by with their selfish motives. Mother and son had every right to fear that the new king would face the same fate - treason, followed by a shameful death. Nun Martha, of course, did not want such a fate for her son. And only the embassy's threat that "God will exact upon him the final ruin of the state," if Michael refuses to obey the will of the Earth about his election to the throne, melted the ice of mistrust. Martha blessed her son, and he received from the archpastor cathedral letters and a royal staff, promising to be in Moscow soon. However, the journey from Kostroma to Moscow took almost two months. As he approached the capital, Mikhail Fedorovich became more and more clearly aware that he was naked, poor and incompetent. The state treasury was empty, as were the food supplies of the royal court. The army, due to non-payment of salaries, disintegrated and was engaged in robbery for its own food. The roads were dominated by robbers, their own and others. The consequences of this insight were numerous royal letters, one after another leaving for Moscow. In them, Mikhail, presumably at the suggestion of his advisers, demanded from the Zemsky Sobor that the boyars, nobles, merchants fulfill their part of the “social contract”, namely, curb the robber gangs that roamed the cities and villages; they cleared the roads of robbers and murderers who paralyzed any movement of people and goods; restored the palace villages and volosts, which were the main source of replenishment of the royal treasury with cash, food and other supplies intended not only for the “royal household”, but also for the maintenance of the servants of the sovereign people. The impoverishment of the royal treasury reached the point that the royal train did not have enough horses and carts, in connection with which some of the people accompanying the king were forced to walk. Yes, and the capital city itself, as the corresponding correspondence testifies, was not ready to receive the king, because “in chorus, what the sovereign ordered to be prepared cannot be rebuilt soon, and there is nothing: there is no money in the treasury and there are few carpenters; chambers and mansions are all without a roof. There are no bridges, shops, doors and windows, everything must be done new, and the forest will soon not be able to get it.” Nevertheless, the tsarist train was slowly but surely approaching Moscow. From March 21 to April 16, the tsar was in Yaroslavl, on April 17 he arrived in Rostov, on April 23 - in the village of Svatkovo, and on April 25 - in the village of Lyubimovo. The next day, April 26, he solemnly entered the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and on Sunday, May 2, "Moscow people of all ranks" went out of town to meet their sovereign. On the same day, his solemn entry into the capital took place, and then a thanksgiving service in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. July 11, 1613 is considered the birthday of the new dynasty. On this day, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was crowned king. Before the wedding, two stewards - Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky, a relative of the tsar, and the leader-liberator Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Pozharsky - were elevated to boyar dignity. After that, in the Assumption Cathedral, Metropolitan Ephraim of Kazan held an exciting ceremony of anointing and crowning the king. He was assisted by Prince Mstislavsky, who showered the tsar with gold coins, Ivan Nikitich Romanov, who held Monomakh's hat, the boyar, Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy, with a scepter, and the new boyar, Prince Pozharsky, with an apple (power). The next day, on the occasion of the royal name day, the new Duma nobleman Kuzma Minin was honored. The new tsar, unlike his predecessors, could not give any other awards, benefits, favors, gifts to the common people and noble people: the treasury was empty. The difficulty of the position of the new tsar was aggravated by the fact that, according to researchers, there were no people in his inner circle, if not equal, then at least remotely resembling Metropolitan Alexy, Sylvester, Alexei Adashev or Boris Godunov. There were no people in his team capable of formulating and consistently implementing state program , which meets the national requirements of the Russian people, exhausted by half a century of "strength tests" of the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, the natural disasters of Borisov's reign, foreign invasion and internal unrest. As foreign observers noted, “all the tsar's close associates are ignorant youths; dexterous and business clerks - greedy wolves; all without distinction plunder and ruin the people. No one brings the truth to the king; there is no access to the king without great expense; Petitions cannot be submitted without huge money, and then it is still not known how the matter will end ... ". The first violin in this "orchestra" was played by the relatives of Mikhail's mother - Boris and Mikhail Saltykov, who cared exclusively about their official position and their enrichment, while the heroes of the First and Second People's Militias were relegated to the background or completely left the historical scene. Moreover, at every opportunity, new favorites, under various pretexts, tried to humiliate and infringe on them. Thus, Prince Pozharsky, who for parochial reasons refused to declare boyars to the newly granted boyar Boris Saltykov, was subjected to a humiliating procedure - “extradition in the head”. Issuance of the head is a rite of satisfaction of claims. In this case, the deacon brought Prince Pozharsky on foot to Saltykov's courtyard, placed him on the lower porch, and announced to Saltykov that the tsar was betraying Pozharsky to him with his head. Saltykov voiced Pozharsky his guilt before him and released him with the words: "The sword does not cut a guilty head." The only thing that saved the Muscovite kingdom from the resumption of turmoil was the active position and active role of the Zemsky Sobor and the Boyar Duma, which did everything in their power to bring the fatherland out of the crisis. Indeed, in essence, Mikhail Fedorovich, accepting the royal crown, seemed to be doing a favor to the Zemstvo. The Council, begging him to take responsibility for the fate of the state, for its part, undertook the obligation to restore order in the country: to stop civil strife, robbery and robbery, to create acceptable conditions for the exercise of sovereign functions, to fill the royal treasury with everything necessary for a worthy "everyday life" of the royal court and maintenance of the troops. The popularly elected Zemsky Sobor began to fulfill its obligations immediately, as evidenced by his correspondence with Mikhail. Here is an extract from his report to the tsar, who was still on the way: “To collect supplies, it was sent and it was written to the collectors that they hastily go to Moscow with supplies ... A strong order was made about robberies and thefts, we are looking for thieves and robbers and order them to be punished. Nobles and children of the boyars without the sovereign's decree from Moscow, we did not let anyone go, and who went home, they were all ordered to be at the sovereign's arrival in Moscow. The Council sent an embassy to the Polish king with a proposal for a truce and an exchange of prisoners, and letters were sent to the "stolen" Cossacks and numerous gangs of "walking people" with a proposal to stop "fratricide" and go to serve the newly elected tsar against the Swedish king, who captured Veliky Novgorod and its environs. ... Having learned about the election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar, the Poles tried to prevent him from taking the throne. A small detachment of Poles went to the Ipatiev Monastery in order to kill Mikhail, but got lost along the way. A simple peasant Ivan Susanin, having given "consent" to show the way, led them into a dense forest. After torture, Susanin was hacked to death, without showing the way to the monastery, the Poles also died - the attempt failed.
Upon his return to Moscow, Filaret agreed to be patriarch. From that moment (1619) there were actually two sovereigns in Rus': Mikhail - the son, Filaret - the father. State affairs were decided by both, the relationship between them, according to the chronicles, was friendly, although the patriarch had a large share in the government. With the arrival of Filaret, the troubled and powerless time ended. Under Mikhail Fedorovich, a war was waged with Sweden, as a result of which, according to the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617, the Novgorod lands returned to Russia, and the shores of the Baltic Sea remained with Sweden. It was not possible to win back Smolensk and a number of Russian territories from Poland during the war of 1632-1634. The colonization of Siberia and the construction of defensive lines on the southern outskirts of the state were successfully continued.
For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs come from Novgorod. The family tradition says that the origins of the family should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family was the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.
The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the great-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich.
Since the 18th century, the Romanovs have ceased to call themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared Emperor of All Russia. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.
The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated as a result of the February Revolution from the throne. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and close associates in Yekaterinburg.
Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, in terms of Russian law on succession to the throne, has no right to the Russian throne.
Below is a chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645
He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a deplorable state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded "perpetual peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He concluded an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), while losing Smolensk and Seversk land. Attached land along the Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.
Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Quiet). Reign: 1645-1676
He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the reform of the army started by his father. At the same time, he attracted a large number of foreign military specialists who remained idle after graduation. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, which affected the main church rites and books. Returned Smolensk and Seversk land. Annexed Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed Stepan's uprising (1667-1671)
Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682
The short reign of the extremely painful king was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Treaty of Bakhchisaray (1681), according to which Turkey recognized Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. A general census was carried out (1678). The fight against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.
Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reigned: 1682-1725 (ruled independently from 1689)
The previous tsar (Fyodor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned on the throne at the same time - the young brothers of Fyodor Alekseevich Ivan and Peter under the regency of their elder sister Sofya Alekseevna (until 1689 - Sophia's regency, until 1696 - formal co-rule with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first Emperor of All Russia.
He was an ardent supporter of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".
His illustrious reign was marked Azov campaigns(1695 and 1696) against the Turks, which resulted in the capture of the fortress of Azov. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the king's awareness of the need. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the most difficult with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.
In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after the Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.
During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and Colleges (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).
Catherine I. Years of reign: 1725-1727
The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Marta Kruse, taken into captivity during Northern war. Nationality unknown. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703, Peter liked her, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.
Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).
Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Years of government: 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a direct male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the administration of the state was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. According to contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by waywardness and adored entertainment. It was entertainment, fun and hunting that the young emperor devoted all his time to. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).
Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Years of government: 1730-1740
Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of Supreme Council the Cabinet of Ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the treaty, Azov departed Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet on the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironism" (by the name of her favorite).
Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Years of government: 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Ivan V. Was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor under the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became the new regent. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to a law condemning the name - they were withdrawn from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were withdrawn (or destroyed). Until the age of 23, he spent in solitary confinement, where (already half-mad) he was stabbed to death by guards.
Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Years of government: 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. During her reign, the death penalty was abolished for the first time in Russia. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762. Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the 18th century - the Seven Years' War. As a result of the hostilities, Russian troops captured the whole of East Prussia and even briefly took Berlin. However, the fleeting death of the Empress and the coming to power of the pro-Prussian-minded Peter III nullified all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, and peace was concluded.
Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Years of government: 1761-1762
Nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna, grandson of Peter I - son of his daughter Anna. Reigned 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he stopped the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on extremely unfavorable terms for Russia. I spoke Russian with difficulty. During his reign, a manifesto "On the Liberty of the Nobility", an alliance of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) was issued. He stopped the persecution of the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version - from a fever).
Already during the reign of Catherine II, the leader of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev, in 1773, pretended to be the "miracle of the saved" Peter III.
Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (the Great). Years of government: 1762-1796
Wife of Peter III. expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, who pretended to be Peter III (1773-1775). A provincial reform was carried out (1775).
Pavel I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801
Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced compulsory succession to the throne only through the male line (1797). Significantly eased the situation of the peasants (decree on a three-day corvee, a ban on selling serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy, the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) are worthy of mention. Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of Alexander's son) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.
Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1801-1825
Son of Paul I. In the reign of Alexander I, Russia defeated the French troops during Patriotic War 1812. The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined in the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. During numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - he annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, and most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. For a long time there was a legend among the people that the emperor, tormented by conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.
Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1825-1855
The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the Decembrist uprising of 1825. The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (1833) was created, a monetary reform was carried out, a reform in state village. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was started, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia participated in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), the Crimean War (1853-1856).
Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Years of government: 1855-1881
The son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty, humiliating for Russia (1856). It was canceled in 1861. Zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out in 1864. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). The financial system, education, city self-government, and the army were reformed. In 1870, the restrictive articles of the Peace of Paris were repealed. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during the Crimean War. He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.
Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Years of government: 1881-1894
Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His reign is characterized as conservative and counter-reform. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of autocracy, the Regulations on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This union preceded the creation of the triple Entente.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Years of government: 1894-1917
Son of Alexander III. The last Emperor of All Russia. A difficult and ambiguous period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) turned out to be a heavy defeat for the country and the almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914 Russia joined the First world war(1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated as a result, and in 1918 he was shot with his whole family by the Bolsheviks.
Some sources say that they come from Prussia, others that the roots come from Novgorod. The first known ancestor is the Moscow boyar of the times of Ivan Kalita - Andrey Kobyla. His sons became the founders of many boyar and noble families. Among them are Sheremetevs, Konovnitsyns, Kolychevs, Ladygins, Yakovlevs, Boborykins and many others. The Romanov family descended from the son of the Mare - Fyodor Koshka. His descendants first called themselves Koshkins, then Koshkins-Zakharyins, and then simply Zakharyins.
The first wife of Ivan VI "the Terrible" was Anna Romanova-Zakharyina. Hence the “kinship” with the Rurikovichs and, consequently, the right to the throne can be traced.
This article tells how ordinary boyars, with good luck and good business acumen, became the most significant family for more than three centuries, until the Great October Revolution of 1917.
The family tree of the royal Romanov dynasty in full: with dates of reign and photos
Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, not a single blood heir of the Rurik family was left, but a new dynasty, the Romanovs, was born. The cousin-nephew of the wife of John IV, Anastasia Zakharyina, Mikhail demanded his rights to the throne. With the support of the common people of Moscow and the Cossacks, he took the reins of government into his own hands and began a new era in the history of Russia.
Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest" (1645 - 1676)
Following Michael, his son Alexei sat on the throne. He had a gentle nature, for which he received his nickname. Boyar Boris Morozov had a strong influence on him. The consequence of this was the Salt Riot, the uprising of Stepan Razin and other major riots.
Fedor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
The eldest son of Tsar Alexei. After the death of his father, he legally took the throne. First of all, he exalted his close associates - the bed-keeper Yazykov and the room attendant Likhachev. They were not from the nobility, but throughout their lives they helped the formation of Fedor III.
Under him, an attempt was made to mitigate punishment for criminal offenses and amputation of limbs was abolished as an execution.
Important in the reign of the king was the decree of 1862 on the destruction of parochialism.
Ivan V (1682 - 1696)
At the time of the death of his elder brother, Fedor III, Ivan V was 15 years old. His entourage considered that he did not have the skills inherent in the king and the throne should be inherited by his younger brother, 10-year-old Peter I. As a result, the reign was given to both at once, and their older sister Sophia was made their regent. Ivan V was weak, almost blind and weak-minded. During his reign, he did not make any decisions. Decrees were signed in his name, and he himself was used as an exit ceremonial king. In fact, the country was led by Princess Sophia.
Peter I "The Great" (1682 - 1725)
Like his older brother, Peter took the place of king in 1682, but due to his infancy he could not make any decisions. He devoted a lot of time to the study of military affairs, while his older sister Sophia ruled the country. But in 1689, after the princess decided to single-handedly lead Russia, Peter I brutally cracked down on her supporters, and she herself was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. Within its walls, she spent the rest of her days and died in 1704.
Two tsars remained on the throne - Ivan V and Peter I. But Ivan himself gave his brother all the powers and remained the ruler only formally.
Having received power, Peter carried out a number of reforms: the creation of the Senate, the subordination of the church to the state, and also built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Under him, Russia won the status of a great power and the recognition of countries Western Europe. Also, the state was renamed the Russian Empire, and the tsar became the first emperor.
Catherine I (1725 - 1727)
After the death of her husband - Peter I, with the support of the guards, she took the throne. The new ruler did not have the skills to conduct foreign and domestic policy, she herself did not want this, therefore, in fact, her favorite, Count Menshikov, ruled the country.
Peter II (1727 - 1730)
After the death of Catherine I, the rights to the throne were transferred to the grandson of Peter the Great - Peter II. The boy at that time was only 11 years old. And after 3 years, he suddenly died of smallpox.
Peter II paid attention not to the country, but only to hunting and pleasures. All decisions for him were made by the same Menshikov. After the overthrow of the count, the young emperor was under the influence of the Dolgorukov family.
Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council invited Ivan V's daughter Anna to the throne. The condition for her ascension to the throne was the adoption of a number of restrictions - "Conditions". They stated that the newly-made empress did not have the right to declare wars, make peace, marry and appoint an heir to the throne, as well as some other instructions.
After gaining power, Anna found support from the nobility, destroyed the prepared rules and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council.
The Empress was not distinguished by either intelligence or success in education. Her favorite Ernst Biron had a huge influence on her and on the country. After her death, it was he who was appointed regent for the infant Ivan VI.
The reign of Anna Ioannovna is a dark page in the history of the Russian Empire. During her reign, political terror and disregard for Russian traditions dominated.
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740 - 1741)
According to the will of Empress Anna, Ivan VI ascended the throne. He was a baby, and therefore the first year of the "reign" passed under the leadership of Ernst Biron. After the power passed to Ivan's mother - Anna Leopoldovna. But in fact, the government was in the hands of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The emperor himself spent his whole life in prison. And at the age of 23 he was killed by prison guards.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)
As a result of a palace coup, with the support of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine came to power. She continued her father's foreign policy and initiated the Age of Enlightenment, opened State University named after Lomonosov.
Peter III Fedorovich (1761 - 1762)
Elizaveta Petrovna left no direct male heirs. But back in 1742, she made sure that the line of the Romanovs did not end, and appointed her nephew, the son of her sister Anna, Peter III, as her heir.
The newly minted emperor ruled the country for only six months, after which he was killed as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine.
Catherine II "The Great" (1762 - 1796)
After the death of her husband Peter III, she became the sole ruler of the empire. She did not make a loving wife or mother. She gave all her strength to strengthening the position of the autocracy. Under her, the borders of Russia were expanded. Her reign also influenced the development of science and education. Catherine carried out reforms and divided the territory of the country into provinces. Under her rule, six departments were established in the Senate, and the Russian Empire received the proud title of one of the most developed powers.
Pavel I (1796 - 1801)
The mother's dislike had a strong influence on the new emperor. His whole policy was aimed at crossing out everything that she had done during the years of her reign. He tried to concentrate all power in his own hands and minimize self-government.
An important step in his policy is the decree banning the succession to the throne by women. This order lasted until 1917, when the reign of the Romanov family came to an end.
The policy of Paul I contributed to a slight improvement in the life of the peasants, but the positions of the nobility were greatly reduced. As a result, already in the first years of his reign, a conspiracy began to be prepared against him. Dissatisfaction with the emperor increased in various sectors of society. The result was death in his own room during a coup d'état.
Alexander I (1801 - 1825)
He took the throne after the death of his father, Paul I. It was he who participated in the conspiracy, but knew nothing about the impending murder and suffered from guilt all his life.
During his reign, several important laws saw the light:
- The decree on "free cultivators", according to which the peasants received the right to redeem themselves with land by agreement with the landowner.
- Decree on the reform of education, after which representatives of all classes could be trained.
The emperor promised the people the adoption of the constitution, but the project remained unfinished. Despite the liberal policy, large-scale changes in the life of the country did not happen.
In 1825 Alexander caught a cold and died. There are legends that the emperor faked his own death and became a hermit.
Nicholas I (1825 - 1855)
As a result of the death of Alexander I, the reins of government were to pass into the hands of his younger brother Constantine, but he voluntarily renounced the title of emperor. So the throne was taken by the third son of Paul I, Nicholas I.
The strongest influence on him had an upbringing based on the harsh suppression of personality. He could not count on the throne. The child grew up in oppression, endured physical punishment.
Study trips largely influenced the views of the future emperor - conservative, with a pronounced anti-liberal orientation. After the death of Alexander I, Nicholas showed all his determination and political abilities and, despite the mass of those who disagreed, ascended the throne.
An important stage in the formation of the personality of the ruler was the uprising of the Decembrists. It was brutally suppressed, order was restored, and Russia swore allegiance to the new monarch.
Throughout his life, the emperor considered his goal to suppress the revolutionary movement. The policy of Nicholas I led to the largest foreign policy defeat during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The failure undermined the emperor's health. In 1955, an accidental cold took his life.
Alexander II (1855 - 1881)
The birth of Alexander II attracted great attention from society. At this time, his father did not even represent him in the place of the ruler, but young Sasha was already destined for the fate of the heir, since none of the older brothers of Nicholas I had male children.
The young man received a good education. He mastered five languages, perfectly knew history, geography, statistics, mathematics, natural science, logic and philosophy. For him, special courses were held under the guidance of influential figures and ministers.
During his reign, Alexander introduced many reforms:
- university;
- judicial;
- military and others.
But the most important is considered to be the abolition of serfdom. For this move he was nicknamed the king-liberator.
Nevertheless, despite the innovations, the emperor remained faithful to the autocracy. Such a policy did not contribute to the adoption of the constitution. The unwillingness of the emperor to choose a new path of development caused an intensification of revolutionary activity. As a result, a series of assassination attempts led to the death of the sovereign.
Alexander III (1881 - 1894)
Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II. Since initially he was not the heir to the throne, he did not consider it necessary to receive a proper education. Only at a conscious age did the future ruler at an accelerated pace begin to prepare for the reign.
As a result of the tragic death of his father, power passed to the new emperor - tougher, but fair.
A distinctive feature of the reign of Alexander III was the absence of wars. For this, he was nicknamed the "peacemaker king."
He died in 1894. The cause of death was nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys. The cause of the disease is considered to be both the collapse of the imperial train at Borki station and the emperor's addiction to alcohol.
Here is practically the entire family genealogical tree of the Romanov family with years of government and portraits. Special attention should be paid to the last monarch.
Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)
Son of Alexander III. He ascended the throne as a result of the sudden death of his father.
He received a good education aimed at military education, studied under the guidance of the acting tsar, and his teachers were outstanding Russian scientists.
Nicholas II quickly settled on the throne and began to promote an independent policy, which caused dissatisfaction with part of his entourage. He made the assertion of the internal unity of the empire the main goal of his reign.
Opinions about the son of Alexander are very scattered and contradictory. Many consider him too soft and weak-tempered. But his strong attachment to his family is also noted. He did not part with his wife and children until the last seconds of his life.
Nicholas II played a big role in the church life of Russia. Frequent pilgrimages brought him closer to the indigenous population. The number of temples during his reign increased from 774 to 1005. Later last emperor and his family was canonized by the Russian Church Abroad (ROCOR).
On the night of July 16-17, 1918 after the October Revolution of 1917 royal family was shot in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg. It is believed that the order was given by Sverdlov and Lenin.
On this tragic note, the reign of the royal family ends, which lasted for more than three centuries (from 1613 to 1917). This dynasty left a huge mark on the development of Russia. It is to her that we owe what we have now. Only thanks to the rule of representatives of this family in our country, serfdom was abolished, educational, judicial, military and many other reforms were launched.
The diagram of a complete genealogical tree with the years of reign of the first and last monarchs from the Romanov family clearly shows how a great family of rulers turned out from an ordinary boyar family, glorifying the royal dynasty. But even now it is possible to follow the formation of the successors of the clan. On this moment alive and well the descendants of the imperial family, who could claim the throne. There is no "pure blood" left, but the fact remains. If Russia again switches to such a form of government as a monarchy, then the successor of the ancient family may become the new tsar.
It is worth noting that most of the Russian rulers lived for a relatively short time. After fifty, only Peter I, Elizabeth I Petrovna, Nicholas I and Nicholas II died. And the threshold of 60 years was overcome by Catherine II and Alexander II. All the rest died in pretty early age due to illness or a coup d'état.
The Romanovs are a great dynasty of tsars and emperors of Russia, an ancient boyar family that began its existence at the end of the 16th century. and still in existence.
Etymology and history of the surname
The Romanovs are not quite the correct historical family name. Initially, the Romanovs went from the Zakharievs. However, Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Zakharyev) decided to take the surname Romanov in honor of his father and grandfather, Nikita Romanovich and Roman Yuryevich. So the genus got the surname, which is still used today.
The boyar family of the Romanovs gave history one of the most famous royal dynasties in the world. The first tsarist representative of the Romanovs was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and the last was Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov. Although the royal family was interrupted, the Romanovs still exist (several branches). All representatives of the great family and their descendants today live abroad, about 200 people have royal titles, but none of them has the right to head the Russian throne in the event of the return of the monarchy.
The large Romanov family was called the House of Romanov. The huge and branched family tree has connections with almost all the royal dynasties of the world.
In 1856 the family received an official coat of arms. It depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch in its paws, and eight cut-off lion heads are located along the edges of the coat of arms.
Prehistory of the emergence of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs
As already mentioned, the Romanov clan descended from the Zakharievs, but where the Zakharievs came to the Moscow lands is unknown. Some scholars believe that the family members were natives of the Novgorod land, and some say that the first Romanovs came from Prussia.
In the 16th c. the boyar family received a new status, its representatives became relatives of the sovereign himself. This happened due to the fact that he married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina. Now all the relatives of Anastasia Romanovna could count on the royal throne in the future. The opportunity to take the throne fell very soon, after the suppression. When the question of further succession to the throne arose, the Romanovs entered the game.
In 1613, the first representative of the family, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom. The era of the Romanovs began.
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov family
Starting from Mikhail Fedorovich in Rus', several more kings from this family ruled (five in total).
These were:
- Fedor Alekseevich Romanov;
- Ivan the 5th (John Antonovich);
In 1721, Rus' was finally reorganized into Russian empire, and the sovereign received the title of emperor. The first emperor was Peter the 1st, who until recently was called the tsar. In total, the Romanov family gave Russia 14 emperors and empresses. After Peter the 1st, they ruled:
End of the Romanov dynasty. The last of the Romanovs
After the death of Peter the 1st, the Russian throne was often occupied by women, but Paul 1st passed a law according to which only the direct heir, a man, can become emperor. Since then, no women have ascended the throne.
The last representative of the imperial family was Nicholas 2, who received the nickname Bloody for the thousands of people who died during the two great revolutions. According to historians, Nicholas 2nd was a rather mild ruler and made several unfortunate mistakes in domestic and foreign policy, which led to the escalation of the situation within the country. Unsuccessful, and also greatly undermined the prestige of the royal family and the sovereign personally.
In 1905, it broke out, as a result of which Nikolai was forced to give the people the desired civil rights and freedoms - the power of the sovereign weakened. However, this was not enough, and in 1917 it happened again. This time, Nicholas was forced to resign his powers and renounce the throne. But this was not enough: the royal family was caught by the Bolsheviks and imprisoned. The monarchical system of Russia was gradually collapsing in favor of a new type of government.
On the night of July 16-17, 1917, the entire royal family, including Nikolai's five children and his wife, was shot. The only possible heir, the son of Nicholas, also died. All relatives who were hiding in Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg and other places were found and killed. Only those Romanovs who were abroad survived. The reign of the imperial family of the Romanovs was interrupted, and with it the monarchy in Russia collapsed.
The results of the reign of the Romanovs
Although during the 300 years of the rule of this family there were many bloody wars and uprisings, in general, the power of the Romanovs benefited Russia. It was thanks to the representatives of this family that Rus' finally moved away from feudalism, increased its economic, military and political power and turned into a huge and powerful empire.
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